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In chemistry, an enantiomer (pronounced /ɪˈnantɪə(ʊ)mər/; from the Greek ἐνάντιος, opposite, and μέρος, part or portion) is one of two stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable complete mirror images of each other, much as one's left and right hands are "the same" but opposite. Enantiopure compounds refer to a sample having within the limits of detection, molecules of only one chirality.[1]
Enantiomers have, when present in a symmetric environment, identical chemical and physical properties except for their ability to rotate plane-polarized light by equal amounts but in opposite directions. A mixture of equal parts of an optically active isomer and its enantiomer is termed racemic and has a net rotation of plane-polarized light of zero.
Enantiomers of each other often do have different chemical properties related to other substances that are also enantiomers. Since many molecules in the bodies of living beings are enantiomers themselves, there is often a marked difference in the effects of two symmetrical enantiomers on living beings, including human beings.
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Enantioselective preparations
- See also: chiral resolution and asymmetric synthesis
There are two main strategies for the preparation of enantiopure compounds. The first is known as chiral resolution. This method involves preparing the compound in racemic form, and separating it into its isomers. In his pioneering work, Louis Pasteur was able to isolate the isomers of tartaric acid because they crystallize from solution as crystals each with a different symmetry. A less common method is by enantiomer self-disproportionation.
The second strategy is asymmetric synthesis: the use of various techniques to prepare the desired compound in high enantiomeric excess. Techniques encompassed include the use of chiral starting materials (chiral pool synthesis), the use of chiral auxiliaries and chiral catalysts, and the application of asymmetric induction. The use of enzymes (biocatalysis) may also produce the desired compound.
Enantioconvergent synthesis is the synthesis of one enantiomer from a racemic precursor molecule utilizing both enantiomers.
Enantiopure medications
Advances in industrial chemical processes have made it economical for pharmaceutical manufacturers to take drugs that were originally marketed in racemic form and market the individual enantiomers, each of which may have unique properties. For some drugs, such as zopiclone, only one enantiomer (eszopiclone) is active; the FDA has allowed such once-generic drugs to be patented and marketed under another name [2]. In other cases, such as ibuprofen, it is not economically feasible to isolate a single enantiomer from a racemic mixture or to synthesize just the active one, and therefore a racemic mixture is marketed, with an essentially doubled recommended dose.
Examples of racemic mixtures and the corresponding single-enantiomer products that have been marketed include:
- Amphetamine (Benzedrine; street amphetamine is also racemic) and dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine)
- Bupivacaine (Marcain) and levobupivacaine (Chirocaine)
- Cetirizine (Zyrtec / Reactine) and levocetirizine (Xyzal)
- Citalopram (Celexa / Cipramil) and escitalopram (Lexapro / Cipralex)
- Methylphenidate (Ritalin) and dexmethylphenidate (Focalin)
- Modafinil (Provigil) and armodafinil (Nuvigil)
- Ofloxacin (Floxin) and levofloxacin (Levaquin)
- Omeprazole (Prilosec) and esomeprazole (Nexium)
- Salbutamol (Ventolin) and levalbuterol (Xopenex)
- Zopiclone (Imovane) and eszopiclone (Lunesta)
Thalidomide is an example of a racemic drug, in which one enantiomer produces a desirable antiemetic effect, whereas the other is toxic and produces a teratogenic side-effect. However, the enantiomers are converted into each other in vivo, so chemical processes cannot be used to mitigate its toxicity.
See also
- Stereochemistry
- Dynamic stereochemistry
- Chirality (chemistry)
- Diastereomers
- Stereogenic
- Atropisomerism
References
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