Eskimo-Aleut languages

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Eskimo-Aleut
Eskaleut
Geographic
distribution:		 American Arctic, east Siberia
Genetic
classification:		 Eskimo-Aleut
Subdivisions:

Eskimo-Aleut languages spoken in United States, Canada and Greenland
This article is about Eskimo-Aleut language family. For discussion of the term Eskimo, see Eskimo#Nomenclature.

Eskimo-Aleut is a language family native to Greenland, the Canadian Arctic, Alaska, and parts of Siberia. Also called Eskaleut (Eskaleutian, Eskaleutic), Eskimoan or Macro-Eskimo,1 it consists of the Eskimo languages (including the Inuit languages in the north of Alaska, Canada and Greenland, and the Yupik/Yup'ik languages in western and southwestern Alaska and in Siberia), and the single Aleut language of the Aleutian and Pribilof Islands.

The Eskimo-Aleut languages are polysynthetic, and together represent one of the language families of North America.

The Eskimo language family is divided into the Inuit and Yup'ik groups. The proper place of Sirenik within the Eskimo-Aleut language family is debated. Some linguists list it as a branch of Yupik2, while others list it as a distinct branch of the language family3.

Eskimo-Aleut

Aleut
Western-Central dialects: Atkan, Attuan, Unangan, Bering (60-80 speakers)
Eastern dialects: Unalaskan, Pribilof (400 speakers)
Eskimo
Yupik
Central Alaskan Yup'ik (10,000 speakers)
Alutiiq or Pacific Gulf Yup'ik (400 speakers)
Central Siberian Yupik or Yuit (Chaplinon and St Lawrence Island, 1400 speakers)
Naukanski (70 speakers)
Chaplinski
Sirenik (extinct)
Inuit or Inupik (98,000 speakers)
Inupiaq or Inupiat (northern Alaska, 3,500 speakers)
Inuvialuktun (western Canada, 765 speakers)
Inuktitut (eastern Canada; together with Inuktun and Inuinnaqtun, 40,000 speakers)
Kalaallisut (Greenland, 54,000 speakers)

Contents

Vocabulary comparison

 This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (November 2008)

The following is a brief comparison of cognates among the basic vocabulary across the Eskaleut language family (about 60 words). Note that empty cells do not imply that a particular language is lacking a word to describe the concept, but rather that the word for the concept in that language is formed from another stem and is not a cognate with the other words in the row. Also, there may be shifts in the meaning from one language to another, and so the "common meaning" given is only approximate. In some cases the form given is found only in some dialects of the language. Forms are given in native Latin orthographies unless otherwise noted.

common meaning Proto-Eskimo Aleut Sirenik Siberian Yupik Alutiiq Yup'ik Inupiaq Qawiaraq Malimiutun North Slope Uummarmiutun Siglitun Inuinnaqtun Natsilik Kivalliq Aivilik North Baffin South Baffin Nunavik Labrador Inuttut Inuktun West Greenlandic East Greenlandic
Persons (Grand)father *ata *ata-ata adax/taatax ata ata ata aata ata/ava ata/ava aapa/taata aapa aapa/ata aappak/ataatak aappak ataata ataata ataata ataata ataata ataata ataata ataata ataataq alaala
Mother *ana *ana-ana anax nana naa/ana aana aana aaka aaka aaka aaka aaka amaamak/aana amaamak/anaana anaana anaana anaana anaana anaana anaana anaana anaana anaanaq annivik
Son *iʁni-ʁ irnex ighneq irneq irniq irniq irñiq irñiq irñiq irniq irniq irniq irniq irniq irniq irniq irniq innik irniq irneq irniq
Husband *uɣi ugi uga ugwik wik wii ui ui ui ui ui ui ui ui ui ui ui ui ui uik ui ui uviq
Family/Relative *ila ilaanux ila ila ila ila ila ila ila ila ila ila ila ila ila ila ila ila ila ila ila ila ila
Man *aŋu-nt angeta angun angun angun angun angun angun angun angun angun angun angut angut angut angut anguti anguti angutik angut angut
Girl *nǝvi(a)ʁc(ǝɣ)a- náẋserráẋ neveghsaq neviarcaq niaqsaaʁruk niaqsiaʁruk niviaqsiaʁruk niviaqsiaʁruk niviakkaq niviaqsiraq niviaqhiaq niviaqhiaq niviakkiaq niviaqsiaq niviaqsaaq niviaqsiaq niviatsiaq niviatsiak niviarhiaq niviarsiaraq niiarsiaq
Person *inguɣ angaginax jux yuk suk yuk/cuk inuk inuk iñuk iñuk iñuk inuk inuk inuk inuk inuk inuk inuk inuk inuk inuk inuk iik
Mother-in-law *caki saka saki caki cakiq sagi chagi saki saki hakigaq saki haki haki hakigaq saki saki saki saki sakik haki saki saqiq/sagiq
Personal pronouns I or me (singular) *vi ting menga hwanga w'ii w'ii wanga uanga uvanga uvanga uvanga uvanga uvanga uvanga uvanga uvanga uvanga uvanga uvanga uvara uvak uanga uara
all of two us (two) (dual) *vik tingix hwagakuk w'iingakuk w'iingakuk waguk uaguk uvaguk uvaguk uvaguk uvaguk uvaguk uvaguk uvaguk uvaguk uvaguk uvaguk uvaguk uvaguk
we or us/all of us (plural) *vit tingin(s) mengaketa hwagakuta w'iingakuta w'iingakuta wagut uagut uvagut uvagut uvagut uvagut uvagut uvagut uvagut uvagut uvagut uvagut uvagut uvagut uvagut uagut uangit
you (singular) *ǝɫ-vǝn-t txin ɫpi ɫpet eɫpet eɫpet ivlin ilvin ilvich ilvich ilvik ilvit ilvit ivrit/itvin igvin/idvin igvit ivvit ivvit ivvit iffit iglit iɫɫit ittit
you two (dual) *ǝɫ-ptek txidix ɫpetek eɫpetek eɫpetek iliptik iliptik iliptik iliptik iliptik iliptik iliptik iliptik iliptik iliptik ilissik ilittik ilittik ilittik
yourselves/all of you (plural) *ǝɫ-vcet txichix ɫpisi ɫpesi eɫpici eɫpeci ilipsi ilipsi ilivsi ilivsi iliffi ilipsi iliffi iliphi iliphi ilipsi ilissi ilitsi ilitsi ilitsi ilissi ilissi ilitsi
he/she/it *ǝɫ-ŋa *una ilaa/udax langa/una lnga/una elen/una elii/una ilaa/una ilaa/una ilaa/una ilaa/una ilaa/una ilaa/una ilaa/una ilaa/una ilaa/una ilaa/una ilaa/una ilaa/una ilaa/una ilaa/una ilaa/una ilaa/una ilaa/una
thyself/themselves/itself *ǝɫ-ŋat *ukuat ilaan(s)/udan(s) langwi/uket lngit/ukut elita/ukut eliita/ukut ilaat/ugua ilaat/ugua ilaat/ukua ilaat/ukua ilaat/ukuat ilaat/ukuat ilaat/ukua ilaat/ukua ilaat/ukua ilaat/ukua ilaat/ukua ilaat/ukua ilaat/ukua ilaat/ukua ilaat/ukua ilaat/ukua ilaat/uguat
Body parts Chin *tsamlu tsamlu tamla tamlu tamluq tamlu tavlu tavluq tavlu tavlu tavlu tablu tablu tablu tablu tablu tallu tallu tallu talluk tallu taɫɫu tattuq
Heart *uŋ-uma- simsix ungevata unguvan unguwan unguvan uumman uumman uumman uumman uumman uumman uumman uummat uummat uummat uummati uummati uummati uummatik uummat uummat iimmat
Blood *aruɣ aamaaxs acex/arux awk auk auk awk auk auk auk auk auk auk auk auk auk auk auk auk auk auk aak aak
Head *ńarǝ-qu- iiceqeẋ naasquq/nayquq nasquq nacquq niaquq niaquq niaquq niaquq niaquq niaquq niaquq niaquq niaquq niaquq niaquq niaquq niaquq niakuk niaquq niaquq suuniq
Hair *ńujaq iimlix nujǝẋ/jujǝẋ nuyaq nuyaq nuyaq nuyaq nuyaq nuyaq nuyaq nuyaq nuyaq nuyaq nuyaq nuyaq nujaq nujaq nujaq nujaq nujak nujaq nujaq nujaq
Eye *irǝ dax eca iya ii/iingaq ii/iingaq izi izi iri iri iyi iyi iyi iri iyi iji iji iji iji ijik ihi isi ili
Eyelash *qǝmǝʁja- dam qaxsaa qemerjax/seqpix qemeryaq/siqpik qemeryaq/ciqpik qemeryaq/ciqpek qimiriaq/siqpiq qimiriaq/siqpik qimiriaq/siqpik qimiriaq/siqpik qimiriaq/hiqpik qimiriaq/siqpik qimiriaq/hiqpik qimiriaq/hiqpik qimiriaq/hiqpik qimiriaq/siqpik qimiriaq/siqpik qimiriaq/siqpik qimiriaq/siqpik kimigiak/sippik qimiriaq/hiqpik qimeriaq/serpik qimiiaq/sirpik
Ear *ciɣunt tutusix siigeta sigun cuun ciun siun siun siun siun hiun siun hiun hiut hiut siut siuti siuti siuti siutik hiut siut siit/*tusaat
Nose *qǝŋa- angusix qengax qengaq qengaq qengaq qingaq qingaq qingaq qingaq qingaq qingaq qingaq qingaq qingaq qingaq qingaq qingaq qingaq kingak qingaq qingaq qingaq
Arm *taɫi- chuyux jaqex taɫiq taɫiq taɫiq taliq taliq taliq taliq taliq taliq taliq taliq taliq taliq taliq taliq taliq talik taliq taleq taliq
Hand *arɣa chax ácxeẋ aykaq aikaq aikaq agrak agraq argak argak argak adjgak *aygak algak argak adjgak aggak aggak aggak aggak aggak aghak assak attak
Finger *ińura- atxux nurax yughaq suaraq yuaraq inugaq inugaq iñugaq iñugaq iñugaq inugaq inugaq inugaq inugaq inugaq inugaq inugaq inugaq inugak inugaq inuaq iiaq
Fingernail *kikra kiikiak kigiak kikiak kikiak kikiak kikiak kikiak kikiak kikiak kikiak kikiak kikiak kikiak kikiak kikiak kikiak kikiak kigiak
Navel *qacaɫǝʁ qiihliqdax qaɫasex qasaɫeq qaɫaciq qaɫaciq qalaziq qalachiq qalasriq qalasiq qalahiq qalasiq qalahiq qalahiq qalahiq qalasiq qalasiq qalasiq qalasiq kalasik qalahiq qalaseq
Knee *ciɣǝr-qu chidigix sigesqeẋ serquq cisquq ciisquq siitquq siitquq siitquq siitquq hiitquq siitquq hiitquq hiitquq hiitquq siiqquq siiqquq siiqquq siirquq siikkuk hiiqquq siiqquq
Calf *nakacuɣ-na- tugaadix nakasegnax nakasugnaq nakacugnaq nakacugnaq nakasungnaq nakasungnaq nakasrungnaq nakasungnaq nakahungnaq nakasungnaq nakahungnaq nakahungnaq nakahungnaq nakasungnaq nakasungnaq nakasunnaq nakasunnaq nakasunnak nakahungnaq nakasunnaaq
Foot *itǝɣ-(a-) kitax ítegá itegaq itaq itgaq itigak itigaq isigak isigak ihigak itigak itigak ihigak itigak itigak isigak itigak itigak itigak ihigak isigak
Belly *aqja xax aqii aqyaq aqsaq aqsaq aqiaq aqiaq aqiaq aqiaq aqiaq aqiaq aqiaq aqiaq aqiaq aqiaq aqiaq aqiaq aqiaq akiak aqiaq aqajaq ariaq
Animals Caribou *tuŋtu itxaygix tumta tungtu tuntu tuntu tuttu tuttu tuttu tuttu tuttu tuktu tuktu tuktu tuktu tuktu tuktu tuttu tuttu tuttuk tuktu tuttu tuttuq
Swan *quɣruɣ qukingix qerúmɫeráẋ quuk qugyuq qugyuq qugruk qugruk qugruk qugruk qugruk qugyuk qugyuk qugyuk qugyuk qugjuk qugjuk qujjuk qujjuk kutjuk qughuk qussuk qutsuk
Canadian goose *lǝqlǝʁ lagix leẋɫeẋ leghɫeq neqɫeq neqɫeq lirliq lirliq lirliq nirliq nirliq nirliq nirliq nirliq nirliq lirliq/nirliq nirliq nirliq nirliq nillik nirliq nerɫeq nirtiq
Dog *qikmi- sabaakax qepeneẋ qikmiq qiqmiq/piugta qimugta qimmiq qimmiq qipmiq qimmiq qimmiq qimmiq qinmiq qingmiq/qimmiq qingmiq/qimmiq qimmiq qimmiq qimmiq qimmiq kimmik qimmiq qimmeq qimmiq
Fish *ǝqaɫuɣ qax iqeɫex iqaɫuk iqaɫuk iqaɫuk iraluk iraluk iqaluk iqaluk qaluk iqaluk iqaluk iqaluk iqaluk iqaluk iqaluk iqaluk iqaluk ikaluk iqaluk eqaluk iqalik
Louse *kumaɣ kitux kúmex kumak kumak kumak kumak kumak kumak kumak kumak kumak kumak kumak kumak kumak kumak kumak kumak kumak kumak kumak kumak
Other nouns Atmosphere/weather/out *cǝla silan/slax siɫa sɫaa ɫa ciɫa/ella sila chila sila sila hila sila hila hila hila sila sila sila sila sila hila sila sila
House *ǝŋlu ulax lu inglu englu englu iglu iglu iglu iglu iglu iglu iglu iglu iglu iglu iglu illu illu illuk iglu iɫɫu ittiq
Tent *tupǝʁ pulaatxix tupex tupeq tuviq tuviq tupiq tupiq tupiq tupiq tupiq tupiq tupiq tupiq tupiq tupiq tupiq tupik tupiq tupeq tupiq
To ask *apete ahmat- apet- apetaqa- apqar- apete- apiri- apiri- apiri- apiri- apiri- apiri- apiri- apiri- apiri- apiri- apiri- apiri- apiri- apigi- apiri- apiri- apii-
Tell a Story/Legend *uniɣ-paʁ- uniikal unircex ungikpaq unifkuaq unifkaraq unipkaaq unipkaaq unipkaaq unipkaaq unipkaaq unipkaaq unipkaaq unipkaaq unipkaaq unipkaaq unikkaaq unikkaaq unikkaaq unikkaak unikkaaq unikkaaq unikkaaq
Arrow *qaʁru qarceẋ ruuq ruuq qeruq qarruq qarruq qarruq qarruq qarruq qaryuq qaryuq qarjuq qarjuq qarjuq qarjuq qarjuk qajjuk katjuk qarhuq qarsuq qarliq
Cook *ǝɣa unagix ega ega ega ega iga iga iga iga iga iga iga iga iga iga iga iga iga iga iga ega inga
Smoke *puju huyuxs pujex puyuq puyuq puyuq puyuq puyuq puyuq puyuq puyuq puyuq puyuq puyuq puyuq pujuq pujuq pujuq pujuq pujuk pujuq pujuq pujuq
Ash *aʁra utxix arex aʁra araq araq arra arra arra arra arra arya arya arya arya arja arja arja ajja atjak arhaq arsaq arlaq
Load *uci husix usa usi uci uci uzi uchi usri usi uhi usi uhi uhi uhi usi usi usi usi usik uhi usi usi
Water *ǝmǝʁ taangax mex emeq meq imiq imiq imiq imiq imiq imiq imiq imiq imiq imiq imiq imiq imiq imiq imik imiq imeq imiq
Ship, boat *umi(r)a ayxaasix umax umiaq umiaq umiaq umiaq umiaq umiaq umiaq umiaq umiaq umiaq umiaq umiaq umiaq umiaq umiaq umiaq umiak umiaq umiaq umiaq
Lake *taci-ʁ hanix jajvex nayvaq nanwaq nanvaq navraq/teziq navraq/tachiq narvaq/tasriq narvaq/tasiq narvaq/tahiq nayvaq/tasiq nalvaq/tahiq narvaq/tahiq nagvaq/tahiq navvaq/tasiq navvaq/tasiq navvaq/tasiq navvaq/tasiq navvak/tasik nassak/tahiq nassak/taseq nattak/tasiq
Sun/Day *ciqi-nǝʁ siqinex siqineq/mazaq ciqineq/masaq ciqineq/macaq siriniq/mazaq chiqiniq/machaq siqiñiq/masaq siqiñiq hiqiñiq siqiniq hiqiniq hiqiniq hiqiniq siqiniq siqiniq siqiniq siqiniq sikinik hiqiniq siqineq siirliq
Cloud *nụvǝja nuiya nuwiya nuviya nuviya nuvuya nuvuya nuvuya nuvuya nuvuya nuvuja nuvujaq nuvujaq nuvujaq nuvujak nuvujaq nuiaq nuviaq
Star *umluria sdax uvluriaq uvluriaq uvluriaq uvluriaq uvluriaq ubluriaq ubluriaq ubluriaq ubluriaq ubluriaq ulluriaq ulluriaq ulluriaq ullugiak ulluriaq ulluriaq utturiaq
Earth *luna tanax nuna nuna nuna nuna nuna nuna nuna nuna nuna nuna nuna nuna nuna nuna nuna nuna nuna nuna nuna nuna
Hilltop *qemi qayax qemix qemiq qemiq qemiq qimiq qimiq qimiq qimiq qimiq qimiq qimiq qimiq qimiq qimiq qimiq qimiq qimiq kimik qimiq qimiq qimiq
Tree/Wood *napar- napax napartuq napaq napa napaaqtuq napaaqtuq napaaqtuq napaaqtuq napaaqtuq napaaqtuq napaaqtuq napaaqtuq napaaqtuq napaaqtuq napaaqtuq napaaqtiq napaattuq napaattuk uqpik/napaaqtuq urpik/napaartoq urpik/napaartuq
God (Shaman) *aŋalku- qugaagix angekex angaɫkuq angaɫquq angaɫkuq angatkuq angatkuq angatkuq angatkuq angatkuq angatkuq angatkuq angatkuq angatkuq angakkuq angakkuq angakkuq angakkuq angakkuk angakkuq angakkoq angakkiq
Sky *qilaɣ inix qilex qilak qilak qilak qilak qilak qilak qilak qilak qilak qilak qilak qilak qilak qilak qilak qilak kilak qilak qilak qilak
Adjectives Swell *puvet hums puvceqertéẋ puuvaaquq puge- puve- puit- puit- puvit- puvit- puvit- puvit- puvit- puvit- puvit- puvit- puvit- puvit- puvit- puvit- puvit- puik- puiq-
Long *takǝ(v) adul takevaláẋ taakǝlʁi takequq takequq tagiruq tagiruq takiruq takiruq takiruq takiyuq takiyuq takiyuq takiyuq takijuq takijuq takijuq takijuq takijuk takihuuq takisooq/takivoq tagiliq
Fat *quvi ignatul quginaẋ quginaq quili quvinaq quiniq quiniq quiniq quiniq quiniq quiniq quiniq quiniq quiniq quiniq quiniq quiniq quiniq kuinik quiniq quini- quiniq
White *qătǝ-ʁ quhmax qetex qeteq qeteq qeter- qatiq qatiq qatiq qatiq qatiq qatiq qakuqtaq qaquqtaq qakuqtaq qakuqtaq qakuqtaq qakuqtaq qakutaq kakuttak qakuqtuq qaqurtoq qaartiq
Copper **kanɣu-ja kanuuyax kanuje kanuya kanuyaq kanuyaq kannuuyaq kannuyaq kannuyaq kannguyaq kannuyaq kannuyaq kannuyaq kannuyaq kanuhaq kannujaq kannujaq kannujaq kanusaq kannujak kannussaq kanngussak kanngutsak
Numbers 1 *ataʁu-ci- ataqan ateresex ataaziq atauciq/atuusiq atauciq atausiq atauchiq atausriq atausiq atauhiq atausiq atauhiq atauhiq atauhiq atausiq atausiq atausiq atausiq atausik atauhiq ataaseq alaasiq
2 *malǝʁu- alax malrug malghuk malluk malruk marluuk marluk malruk malruk malruk malruk malruuk malruuk malruuk marruuk marruuk marruuk maqruuk magguuk marluk marluk martut
4 *cǝtama- siiching sitamij sitamat staamat cetaman sitaman chitaman sisaman sisaman hihaman sitaman hitaman hihamat hitamat sitamat tisamat sitamat sitamat sitamat hihamat sisamat siamat
10 *qulǝ(ŋ) hatix qulex? qula qulin qula qulit qulit qulit qulit qulit qulit qulit qulit qulit qulit qulit qulit qulit kulit qulit qulit qutit
Proto-Eskimo Aleut Sirenik Siberian Yupik Alutiiq Yup'ik Inupiaq Qawiaraq Malimiutun North Slope Uummarmiutun Siglitun Inuinnaqtun Natsilik Kivalliq Aivilik North Baffin South Baffin Nunavik Labrador Inuttut Inuktun West Greenlandic East Greenlandic

Notes

  1. ^ Fleming 1987: 189.
  2. ^ "Ethnologue report for Yupik Sirenk." Retrieved 2008-08-25.
  3. ^ "Alaska Native Languages - An Overview". Retrieved 2008-08-25.

Bibliography

  • Bernet, John W. An Anthology of Aleut, Eskimo, and Indian Literature of Alaska in English Translation. Fairbanks, Alaska: [s.n.], 1974.
  • Conference on Eskimo Linguistics, and Eric P. Hamp. Papers on Eskimo and Aleut Linguistics. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society, 1976.
  • Dumond, Don E. On Eskaleutian Linguistics, Archaeology, and Prehistory. [S.l: s.n, 1965.
  • Fleming, Harold C. "Towards a definitive classification of the world's languages". Diachronica IV:1/2.159-223, 1987.
  • Fortescue, Michael D. Some Problems Concerning the Correlation and Reconstruction of Eskimo and Aleut Mood Markers. København: Institut for Eskimologi, Københavns Universitet, 1984. ISBN 8787874105
  • Fortescue, Michael D., Steven A. Jacobson, and Lawrence D. Kaplan. Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: With Aleut Cognates. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 1994. ISBN 1555000517
  • Marsh, Gordon H. The Linguistic Divisions of the Eskimo-Aleut Stock. 1956.
  • Swift, Mary D. Time in Child Inuktitut: A Developmental Study of an Eskimo-Aleut Language. Studies on language acquisition, 24. Berlin: M. de Gruyter, 2004. ISBN 3110181207

See also

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