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Eugene P. Wigner
Eugene Paul Wigner (1902-1995)
Born	November 17, 1902(1902-11-17) Budapest, Austria-Hungary
Died	January 1, 1995 (aged 92) Princeton, New Jersey, United States
Residence	USA
Citizenship	American (post-1937) Hungarian (pre-1937)
Ethnicity	Hungarian Jewish
Fields	Physicist
Institutions	University of Göttingen University of Wisconsin-Madison Princeton University Manhattan project
Alma mater	Technische Hochschule Berlin
Doctoral advisor	Michael Polanyi
Other academic advisors	László Rátz Richard Becker
Doctoral students	John Bardeen Victor Frederick Weisskopf Marcos Moshinsky Abner Shimony Edwin Thompson Jaynes Frederick Seitz
Known for	Law of conservation of parity Wigner D-matrix Wigner-Eckart theorem Wigner's friend Wigner semicircle distribution Wigner's classification Wigner quasi-probability distribution Wigner crystal Wigner effect Wigner-Seitz cell Relativistic Breit–Wigner distribution Modified Wigner distribution function Wigner-d'Espagnat inequality Gabor-Wigner transform Wigner's theorem Wigner distribution Jordan-Wigner transformation Newton-Wigner localization Wigner-Seitz radius 6-j symbol 9-j symbol
Influenced	Eugene Feenberg George Cowan Robert Serber Igal Talmi
Notable awards	Enrico Fermi Award (1958) Max Planck Medal (1961) Nobel Prize in Physics (1963) National Medal of Science (1969)
Religious stance	Judaism
Signature
Notes He was Paul Dirac's brother-in-law and uncle of Gabriel Andrew Dirac.

Eugene Paul "E.P." Wigner (Hungarian Wigner Pál Jenő) (November 17, 1902 – January 1, 1995) was a Hungarian American physicist and mathematician.

He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles". Some contemporaries referred to Wigner as the Silent Genius and some even considered him the intellectual equal to Albert Einstein, though without his prominence. Wigner is important for having laid the foundation for the theory of symmetries in quantum mechanics as well as for his research into atomic nuclei, and for his several theorems.

Early life

Wigner was born in Budapest, Hungary (Austria-Hungary) to a middle class Jewish family. At age 11, Wigner contracted what his parents believed was tuberculosis. They sent him for six weeks to a sanitarium in the Austrian mountains. During this period, Wigner began to develop an interest in mathematical problems. From 1915 till 1919, concurrently with John von Neumann, Wigner studied at the Lutheran Fasori Evangélikus Gimnázium where they both greatly benefited from encouragement by the legendary mathematics teacher László Rátz. In 1919, to escape the Bela Kun Communist regime, the family briefly moved to Austria, returning after Kun's downfall. Partly as a reaction to the prominence of Jews in the Kun regime, the family converted to Lutheranism.¹

In 1921, Wigner studied chemical engineering at the Technische Hochschule in Berlin (today the Technische Universität Berlin). He also attended the Wednesday afternoon colloquia of the German Physical Society. These colloquia featured such luminaries as Max Planck, Max von Laue, Rudolf Ladenburg, Werner Heisenberg, Walther Nernst, Wolfgang Pauli, and Albert Einstein. Wigner also met physicist Leó Szilárd, who at once became Wigner's closest friend. A third experience in Berlin was formative. Wigner worked at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry (now Fritz Haber Institute), and there met Michael Polanyi, who became, after László Rátz, Wigner's greatest teacher.

Middle years

In the late 1920s, Wigner deeply explored the field of quantum mechanics. A period at Göttingen as an assistant to the great mathematician David Hilbert proved a disappointment, as Hilbert was no longer active in his works. Wigner nonetheless studied independently. He laid the foundation for the theory of symmetries in quantum mechanics and in 1927 introduced what is now known as the Wigner D-matrix.² It is safe to state that he and Hermann Weyl carry the whole responsibility for the introduction of group theory into quantum mechanics (they spread the "Gruppenpest"). See Wigner's 1931 monograph for a survey of his work on group theory. In the late 1930s, he extended his research into atomic nuclei. He developed an important general theory of nuclear reactions (see for instance the Wigner-Eckart theorem). By 1929, his papers were drawing notice in the physics world. In 1930, Princeton University recruited Wigner, which was timely as the Nazis soon came to power in Germany. In Princeton in 1934 Wigner introduced his sister Manci to the physicist Paul Dirac, whom she married.

In 1936, Princeton did not rehire Wigner, so he moved to the University of Wisconsin-Madison. There he met his first wife, a physics student named Amelia Frank. Her 1937 death left Wigner distraught. On January 8, 1937, Wigner became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Princeton University shortly invited Wigner back, and he rejoined its faculty in the fall of 1938. Though a professed political amateur, in 1939 and 1940 he played a major role in agitating for the Manhattan Project, which developed the first atomic bomb. However, by personal preference he was a pacifist. He later contributed to civil defense in the U.S. In 1946, Wigner accepted a job as director of research and development at Clinton Laboratory (now Oak Ridge National Laboratory) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. When this did not work out especially well, Wigner returned to Princeton.

In 1941 Wigner married his second wife, Professor Mary Annette Wheeler, of Vassar College, also a physicist, who completed a Yale Ph.D. in 1932. They were married until her 1977 death, and had two children.

In a 1987 appreciation of Professor Wigner, Alvin M. Weinberg stated: "...this trait of Wigner's [giving credit to his young collaborators] explains why so much, not only of reactor theory but of theoretical physics from 1930 to 1965 — though it may not bear Wigner's name — actually has origin in a suggestion made or question asked by Professor Wigner."

Last years

Patricia Eileen (left) and Eugene Paul Wigner at their home in Priceton. photo by Y.S.Kim (1991)[1] (1988) (permission of Prof. Kim to release it to public domain)

In 1960, Wigner published a now classic article on the philosophy of mathematics and of physics, which has become his best-known work outside of technical mathematics and physics, "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences." He argued that biology and cognition could be the origin of physical concepts, as we humans perceive them, and that the happy coincidence that mathematics and physics were so well matched, seemed to be "unreasonable" and hard to explain. His reasoning was resisted by the Harvard mathematician Andrew M. Gleason.

In 1963, Wigner received the Nobel Prize in Physics. He professed never to have even considered the possibility that this might occur, and added: "I never expected to get my name in the newspapers without doing something wicked." He later won the Enrico Fermi award, and the National Medal of Science. In 1992, at the age of 90, he published a memoir, The Recollections of Eugene P. Wigner with Andrew Szanton. Wigner died three years later in Princeton. One of his significant students was Abner Shimony.

Wigner was asked in the late 1970s "Do you remember Rátz?" (one of his early teachers). He answered: "There he is!" and pointed to a picture of Rátz on his office wall.

His third wife was Patricia Hamilton Wigner, widow of another physicist, Donald Ross Hamilton, the retired Dean of the Graduate School at Princeton University, who had died in 1971.

Feza Gursey (right) with Eugene Wigner, photo by Y.S.Kim [2] (1988) (permission of Prof. Kim to release it to public domain)

Near the end of his life, his thought turned more philosophical. In his memoir, Wigner said: "The full meaning of life, the collective meaning of all human desires, is fundamentally a mystery beyond our grasp. As a young man, I chafed at this state of affairs. But by now I have made peace with it. I even feel a certain honor to be associated with such a mystery." He became interested in the Vedanta philosophy of Hinduism, particularly its ideas of the universe as an all pervading consciousness[3]. In his collection of essays Symmetries and Reflections - Scientific Essays, he commented "It was not possible to formulate the laws (of quantum theory) in a fully consistent way without reference to consciousness."

Wigner also conceived the Wigner's friend thought experiment, which is an extension of the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment. The Wigner's friend experiment asks the question: at what stage does a "measurement" take place? Wigner designed the experiment to highlight how he believed consciousness is necessary to the quantum mechanical measurement process.

Wigner was a committee chairman at Unification Church founder Sun Myung Moon's annual International Conference on the Unity of the Sciences (ICUS) for several years. At the 11th ICUS conference in Philadelphia, he was given the Founder's Award "for his outstanding contributions to science."³

Honors

• Enrico Fermi Award.
• Wigner Feloowship Program at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL).
• Walli, Ron. "Auditorium at ORNL Renamed in Honor of Eugene P. Wigner" ORNL Press Release, (Jan. 11, 1996).
• Eugene P. Wigner Reactor Physicist Award at the American Nuclear Society.

Publications

• 1939, "On unitary representations of the inhomogeneous Lorentz group," Annals Math. 40: 149-204.
• (with Creutz, E. C. & R. R. Wilson) "Absorption of Thermal Neutrons in Uranium," Princeton University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (Sept. 26, 1941).
• "Radioactivity of the Cooling Water," Metallurgical Laboratory of the University of Chicago, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (March 1, 1943).
• "Solutions of Boltzmann`s Equation for Mono-energetic Neutrons in an Infinite Homogeneous Medium," Metallurgical Laboratory of the University of Chicago, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (Nov. 30, 1943).
• (with Weinberg, A. M. & J. Stephenson) "Recalculation of the Critical Size and Multiplication Constant of a Homogeneous UO{sub 2} - D{sub 2}O Mixtures," Metallurgical Laboratory of the University of Chicago, (Feb. 11, 1944).
• (with F.L. Friedman) "On the Boundary Condition Between Two Multiplying Media," Metallurgical Laboratory of the University of Chicago, (April 19, 1944).
• (with J. E. Wilkins, Jr.) "Effect of the Temperature of the Moderator on the Velocity Distribution of Neutrons with Numerical Calculations for H as Moderator," Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (Sept. 14, 1944).
• "On the Variation of Eta with Energy in the 100-1000 ev Region," Brookhaven National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (Nov. 1, 1949).
• "The Magnitude of the Eta Effect," Du Pont de Nemours (E.I.) & Co., United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (April 25, 1951).
• 1958 (with Alvin M. Weinberg). Physical Theory of Neutron Chain Reactors (University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-88517-8
• 1959. Group Theory and its Application to the Quantum Mechanics of Atomic Spectra. New Yor: Academic Press. Translation by J. J. Griffin of 1931, Gruppentheorie und ihre Anwendungen auf die Quantenmechanik der Atomspektren, Vieweg Verlag, Braunschweig.
• 1960, "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences," Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 13(1): 1–14.
• 1970. Symmetries and Reflections: Scientific Essays. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-73021-9
• 1992 (as told to Andrew Szanton). The Recollections of Eugene P. Wigner. Plenum. ISBN 0-306-44326-0
• 1997 (with G. G. Emch; Jagdish Mehra and Arthur S. Wightman, eds.). Philosophical Reflections and Syntheses. Springer. ISBN 3-540-63372-3

See also

• Wigner semicircle distribution
• Wigner quasi-probability distribution
• Particle physics and representation theory
• Wigner effect
• Wigner-Seitz cell
• 3-jm symbol
• The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences

Notes

1. ^ Wigner, E. P., as told to Andrew Szanton The Recollections of Eugene P. Wigner (Plenum, 1992) ISBN 0-306-44326-0
2. ^ Wigner, E., 1927, Zeitschrift f. Physik 43: 624-52.
3. ^ The Work of the Church: In Service to God and to Humanity - To Bigotry, No Sanction - Mose Durst

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Eugene Wigner

• Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
• Oral history interview, 12 May 1987. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
• Eugene Wigner Biography
• Nobel Prize Biography
• National Academy of Sciences biography
• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Eugene Wigner", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive 
• his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles
• Annotated bibliography for Eugene Wigner from the Alsos Digital Library
• An interview with Wigner about his experience at Princeton
• Oral history interview transcript with Eugene Wigner 21 November 1963, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
• Oral history interview transcript with Eugene Wigner 24 January 1981, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives

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