Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase

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Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase
Identifiers
Symbols GGCX; FLJ26629; VKCFD1
External IDs OMIM: 137167 MGI: 1927655 HomoloGene: 639
RNA expression pattern

More reference expression data
Orthologs
Human Mouse
Entrez 2677 56316
Ensembl ENSG00000115486 ENSMUSG00000053460
Uniprot P38435 Q3TME3
Refseq NM_000821 (mRNA)
NP_000812 (protein)		 NM_019802 (mRNA)
NP_062776 (protein)
Location Chr 2: 85.63 - 85.64 Mb Chr 6: 72.34 - 72.36 Mb
Pubmed search [1] [2]

Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase is an enzyme which oxidizes Vitamin K hydroquinone to Vitamin K 2,3 epoxide, while simultaneously adding CO2 to protein-bound glutamic acid (abbreviation = Glu) to form gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (also called gamma-carboxyglutamate, abbreviation = Gla). The carboxylation reaction will only proceed if the carboxylase enzyme is able to oxidize vitamin K hydroquinone to vitamin K epoxide at the same time; the carboxylation and epoxidation reactions are said to be coupled reactions.123

Gla domain-containing proteins depend on the carboxylation reaction for posttranslational modification.

Contents

References

  1. ^ Suttie JW (1985). "Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 54: 459–77. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.54.070185.002331. PMID 3896125. 
  2. ^ Presnell SR, Stafford DW (2002). "The vitamin K-dependent carboxylase". Thromb. Haemost. 87 (6): 937–46. PMID 12083499. 
  3. ^ Silva PJ, Ramos MJ (2007). "Reaction mechanism of the vitamin K-dependent glutamate carboxylase: a computational study". J Phys Chem B 111 (44): 12883–7. doi:10.1021/jp0738208. PMID 17935315. 

Further reading

  • Shin JS, Abraham SN (2001). "Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored receptor-mediated bacterial endocytosis.". FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 197 (2): 131–8. PMID 11313125. 
  • Wong YW, Williams AF, Kingsmore SF, Seldin MF (1990). "Structure, expression, and genetic linkage of the mouse BCM1 (OX45 or Blast-1) antigen. Evidence for genetic duplication giving rise to the BCM1 region on mouse chromosome 1 and the CD2/LFA3 region on mouse chromosome 3.". J. Exp. Med. 171 (6): 2115–30. PMID 1693656. 
  • Del Porto P, Mami-Chouaib F, Bruneau JM, et al. (1991). "TCT.1, a target molecule for gamma/delta T cells, is encoded by an immunoglobulin superfamily gene (Blast-1) located in the CD1 region of human chromosome 1.". J. Exp. Med. 173 (6): 1339–44. PMID 1827826. 
  • Fisher RC, Thorley-Lawson DA (1991). "Characterization of the Epstein-Barr virus-inducible gene encoding the human leukocyte adhesion and activation antigen BLAST-1 (CD48).". Mol. Cell. Biol. 11 (3): 1614–23. PMID 1847502. 
  • Korínek V, Stefanová I, Angelisová P, et al. (1991). "The human leucocyte antigen CD48 (MEM-102) is closely related to the activation marker Blast-1.". Immunogenetics 33 (2): 108–12. PMID 1999350. 
  • Vaughan HA, Henning MM, Purcell DF, et al. (1991). "The isolation of cDNA clones for CD48.". Immunogenetics 33 (2): 113–7. PMID 1999351. 
  • Staunton DE, Thorley-Lawson DA (1988). "Molecular cloning of the lymphocyte activation marker Blast-1.". EMBO J. 6 (12): 3695–701. PMID 2828034. 
  • Garnett D, Barclay AN, Carmo AM, Beyers AD (1993). "The association of the protein tyrosine kinases p56lck and p60fyn with the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins Thy-1 and CD48 in rat thymocytes is dependent on the state of cellular activation.". Eur. J. Immunol. 23 (10): 2540–4. PMID 8104794. 
  • Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides.". Gene 138 (1-2): 171–4. PMID 8125298. 
  • Solomon KR, Rudd CE, Finberg RW (1996). "The association between glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins and heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunits in lymphocytes.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (12): 6053–8. PMID 8650218. 
  • Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, et al. (1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library.". Gene 200 (1-2): 149–56. PMID 9373149. 
  • Smith GM, Biggs J, Norris B, et al. (1998). "Detection of a soluble form of the leukocyte surface antigen CD48 in plasma and its elevation in patients with lymphoid leukemias and arthritis.". J. Clin. Immunol. 17 (6): 502–9. PMID 9418191. 
  • Latchman Y, McKay PF, Reiser H (1998). "Identification of the 2B4 molecule as a counter-receptor for CD48.". J. Immunol. 161 (11): 5809–12. PMID 9834056. 
  • Nakajima H, Cella M, Langen H, et al. (1999). "Activating interactions in human NK cell recognition: the role of 2B4-CD48.". Eur. J. Immunol. 29 (5): 1676–83. PMID 10359122. 
  • Tangye SG, Cherwinski H, Lanier LL, Phillips JH (2001). "2B4-mediated activation of human natural killer cells.". Mol. Immunol. 37 (9): 493–501. PMID 11163399. 
  • Suzuki T, Kiyokawa N, Taguchi T, et al. (2001). "CD24 induces apoptosis in human B cells via the glycolipid-enriched membrane domains/rafts-mediated signaling system.". J. Immunol. 166 (9): 5567–77. PMID 11313396. 
  • Hawash IY, Hu XE, Adal A, et al. (2002). "The oxygen-substituted palmitic acid analogue, 13-oxypalmitic acid, inhibits Lck localization to lipid rafts and T cell signaling.". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1589 (2): 140–50. PMID 12007789. 
  • Kim D, Hur DY, Kim YS, et al. (2002). "CM1 ligation initiates apoptosis in a caspase 8-dependent manner in Ramos cells and in a mitochondria-controlled manner in Raji cells.". Hum. Immunol. 63 (7): 576–87. PMID 12072193. 
  • Zhu B, Davies EA, van der Merwe PA, et al. (2002). "Direct measurements of heterotypic adhesion between the cell surface proteins CD2 and CD48.". Biochemistry 41 (40): 12163–70. PMID 12356317. 
  • Bender, David A. (2003). Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80388-8. 
  • Ball, George E. (2004). Vitamins: their role in the human body. Oxford: Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-632-06478-1. 
  • Combs, Gerald F. (1998). The vitamins: fundamental aspects in nutrition and health. Boston: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-183492-1. 

See also

External links

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