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A gas pycnometer, a type of pycnometer, is a laboratory device used for measuring the density or more accurately the volume of solids, be they regularly shaped, porous or non-porous, monolithic, powdered, granular or in some way comminuted, employing some method of gas displacement (e.g.¹²³) and the volume:pressure relationship known as Boyle's Law. A gas pycnometer is also sometimes referred to as a helium pycnometer.

Types of Gas Pycnometer

Gas expansion pycnometer

aka Constant Volume Gas Pycnometer. The simplest type of gas pycnometer (due to its relative lack of moving parts) essentially consists of two chambers, one (with a removable gas-tight lid) to hold the sample and a second chamber of fixed, known (via calibration) internal volume - referred to as the reference volume or added volume. The device additionally comprises a valve to admit a gas under pressure to one of the chambers, a pressure measuring device - usually a transducer - connected to the first chamber, a valved pathway connecting the two chambers, and a valved vent from the second of the chambers. In practice the sample may occupy either chamber, that is gas pycnometers can be constructed such that the sample chamber is pressurized first, or such that it is the reference chamber that starts at the higher pressure. Various design parameters have been analyzed by Tamari⁴. The working equation of a gas pycnometer wherein the sample chamber is pressurized first is as follows:

where V_s is the sample volume, V_c is the volume of the empty sample chamber (known form a prior calibration step), V_r is the volume of the reference volume (again known from a prior calibration step), P₁ is the first pressure (i.e. in the sample chamber only) and P₂ is the second (lower) pressure after expansion of the gas into the combined volumes of sample chamber and reference chamber.

Derivation of the "working equation" and a schematic illustration of such a gas expansion pycnometer is given by Lowell et al⁵.

Variable volume pycnometer

aka Gas (or Air) Comparison Pycnometer. This device consists of either a single or two variable volume chambers. The volume of the chamber(s) can be varied by either a fixed amount by a simple mechanical piston of fixed travel, or continuously and gradually by means of a graduated piston. Resulting changes in pressure can be read by means of a transducer, or nullified by adjustment of a third ancillary, graduated variable-volume chamber. This type of pycnometer is commercially obsolete; ASTM recently (2006) withdrew its standard test method D2856⁶ for the open-cell content of rigid cellular plastics by the air pycnometer, which relied upon the use of a variable volume pycnometer, and was replaced by test method D6226⁷ which describes a gas expansion pycnometer.

Practical Use

Volume vs density

While pycnometers (of any type) are recognized as density measuring devices they are in fact devices for measuring volume only. Density is merely calculated as the ratio of mass to volume; mass being invariably measured on a discrete device, usually by weighing. The volume measured in a gas pycnometer is that amount of three-dimensional space which is inaccessible to the gas used, i.e. that volume within the sample chamber from which the gas is excluded. Therefore the volume measured considering the finest scale of surface roughness will depend on the atomic or molecular size of the gas. Helium therefore is most often prescribed as the measurement gas, not only is it of small size, it is also inert and the most ideal gas.

Closed pores, i.e. those that do not communicate with the surface of the solid, are included in the measured volume. Helium may however demonstrate some measurable permeability through low density solids (polymers and cellulosic materials predominantly) thus interfering with the measurement of solid volume. In such cases larger molecule gases such as nitrogen or sulfur hexafluoride are beneficial.

Adsorption of the measuring gas should be avoided, as should excessive vapor pressure from moisture or other liquids present in the otherwise solid sample.

Applications

Gas pycnometers are used extensively for characterizing a wide variety of solids such as heterogeneous catalysts, carbons⁸, metal powders⁹¹⁰, soils¹¹, ceramics¹², active pharmaceutical ingredients (API's) and excipients¹³, petroleum coke¹⁴, cement and other construction materials ¹⁵, cenospheres/glass microballoons and solid foams⁷.

Notes

• Pycnometer is the preferred spelling in modern American English usage. Pyknometer is to be found in older texts, and is used interchangeably with pycnometer in British English. Pyknometer is preferred in European English.
• The density calculated from the volume measured by a gas pycnometer is often referred to as skeletal density¹⁶¹⁷, true density ¹⁸¹⁹ or helium density¹⁹ and sometimes as particle density for non-porous solids¹⁷.
• One of the most extreme examples of the gas displacement principle for volume measurement is described in US Patent 5,231,873 (Lindberg, 1993) wherein a chamber large enough to hold a flatbed truck full of timber is described for the purpose of measuring the volume of the load.

References

1. ^ United States Patent 2667782, Shea, "Apparatus for measuring volumes of solid materials".
2. ^ United States Patent 4083228, Turner et al, "Gas comparison pycnometer".
3. ^ United States Patent 4888718, Furuse, "Volume measuring apparatus and method"
4. ^ S. Tamari (2004) Meas. Sci. Technol. 15 549-558 "Optimum design of the constant-volume gas pycnometer for determining the volume of solid particles".
5. ^ p 327 in "Characterization of Porous Solids and Powders: Surface Area, Pore Size and Density", S. Lowell, J.E. Shields, M.A. Thomas and M. Thommes, Springer (originally by Kluwer Academic Publishers), 2004 ISBN 978-1402023026
6. ^ ASTM D2856-94(1998) Standard Test Method for Open-Cell Content of Rigid Cellular Plastics by the Air Pycnometer (withdrawn 2006).
7. ^ ^{a b} ASTM D6226-05 Standard Test Method for Open Cell Content of Rigid Cellular Plastics.
8. ^ DIN 51913 Testing of carbon materials - Determination of density by gas pycnometer (volumetric) using helium as the measuring gas
9. ^ ASTM B923-02(2008)Standard Test Method for Metal Powder Skeletal Density by Helium or Nitrogen Pycnometry
10. ^ MPIF Standard 63: Method for Determination of MIM Components (Gas Pycnometer)
11. ^ ASTM D5550 -06 Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Gas Pycnometer
12. ^ ASTM C604 Standard Test Method for True Specific Gravity of Refractory Materials by Gas-Comparison Pycnometer
13. ^ USP<699> "Density of Solids"
14. ^ ASTM D2638 - 06 Standard Test Method for Real Density of Calcined Petroleum Coke by Helium Pycnometer
15. ^ p 13 in "Water Transport in Brick, Stone and Concrete" C. Hall, Taylor & Francis, 2002, ISBN 978-0419228905
16. ^ p 103 in "Inorganic materials chemistry desk reference" by D. Sangeeta and J. R. Lagraff, CRC Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0849309106
17. ^ ^{a b} p144 in "Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies" by N. P. Cheremisinoff, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001, ISBN 978-0750674980
18. ^ p 544 in "Martin's Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5th Edition, by P. J. Sinko and A. N. Martin, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005, ISBN 978-0781750271
19. ^ ^{a b} p 202 in "The Chemistry and Technology of Coal" by J. G. Speight, CRC Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0824792008

External links

• ASTM International, formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials.
• United States Patent and Trademark Office.
• MPIF: Metal Powder Industries Federation.
• USP: United States Pharmacopeia.
• DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. (German Institute for Standardization).

Wikipedia content modification information:

• This page was last modified on 11 November 2008, at 05:14.

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