Glutamate receptor

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Glutamic acid

Glutamate receptors are transmembrane receptors located on neuron membranes. These receptors bind the neurotransmitter glutamate.

Contents

Function

Glutamate is the most prominent neurotransmitter in the body,1 being present in over 50% of nervous tissue. Glutamate was initially discovered to be a neurotransmitter following insect studies in the early 1960s. The primary glutamate receptor is specifically sensitive to N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA), which causes direct action of the central pore of the receptor, an ion channel, to drive the neuron to depolarize. Depolarization will trigger the firing, or action potential of the neuron, therefore NMDA is excitatory.1

Types of glutamate receptors

There are two basic types of neural receptor: ionotropic, and metabotropic. 2

There are many specific subtypes of glutamate receptors, and it is customary to refer to primary subtypes by a chemical which binds to it more selectively than glutamate. The research, though, is ongoing as subtypes are identified and chemical affinities measured. There are several compounds which are routinely used in glutamate receptor research and associated with receptor subtypes:

Type Name Agonist(s)
ionotropic NMDA receptor NMDA
ionotropic Kainate receptor Kainate
ionotropic AMPA receptor AMPA
metabotropic mGluR L-AP4, ACPD, L-QA3

See also

References

  1. ^ a b ""Glutamate Receptors - Structures and Functions" at bris.ac.uk". Retrieved on 2007-09-02.
  2. ^ Palmada M, Centelles J. "Excitatory amino acid neurotransmission. Pathways for metabolism, storage and reuptake of glutamate in brain". Front Biosci 3: d701–18. PMID 9665875, http://www.bioscience.org/1998/v3/d/palmada/3.htm. 
  3. ^ Ohashi H, Maruyama T, Higashi-Matsumoto H, Nomoto T, Nishimura S, Takeuchi Y (2002). "A novel binding assay for metabotropic glutamate receptors using [3H L-quisqualic acid and recombinant receptors]" (subscription required). Z Naturforsch [C] 57 (3-4): 348–55. PMID 12064739, http://www.znaturforsch.com/sc/57c/s57c0348.pdf. 

External links

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v • d • e
Ion channel, receptor: ligand-gated ion channels
Cys-loop receptors
5-HT3 (A, B, C, D, E)
GABA A (α1, α2, α3, α4, α5, α6, β1, β2, β3, γ1, γ2, γ3, δ, ε, π, θ) • GABA C (ρ1, ρ2, ρ3)
α1 • α2 • α3 • α4 • β
monomers: α1 • α2 • α3 • α4 • α5 • α6 • α7 • α9 • α10 • β1 • β2 • β3 • β4 • δ • ε
pentamers: (α4)2(β2)3 • (α7)5 • (α1)2(β4)3 - Ganglion type • (α1)2β1δε - Muscle type
Ionotropic glutamates
AMPA (1, 2, 3, 4) • Kainate (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)  • NMDA (1, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 3A, 3B, L1A, L1B)
ATP-gated channels
v • d • e
Transmembrane receptor: G protein-coupled receptors
Class A: Rhodopsin like
α1 (A, B, D) • α2 (A, B, C) • β1 • β2 • β3
CysLT (1, 2) • LTB4 (1, 2) • FPRL1 • OXE • Prostaglandin (DP, EP (1, 2, 3, 4), PGF) • Prostacyclin • Thromboxane
B/W (1, 2) • FF (1, 2) • S • Y (1, 2, 4, 5) • Neuromedin (B, U (1, 2)) • Neurotensin (1, 2)
GPR (1, 3, 4, 6, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39, 42, 44, 45, 50, 52, 55, 61, 62, 63, 65, 68, 75, 77, 78, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92, 101, 103, 119, 120, 132, 135, 139, 141, 142, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 160, 161, 162, 171, 172A, 173, 174, 176, 177, 182)
Adenosine (A1, A2a, A2b, A3) • P2Y (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14)
(all but 5-HT3) 5-HT1 (A, B, D, E, F) • 5-HT2 (A, B, C) • 5-HT (4, 5A, 6, 7)
Other
Acetylcholine (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5) • Adrenomedullin • Anaphylatoxin (C3a, C5a) • Angiotensin (1, 2) • Apelin • Bile acid • Bombesin (BRS3, GRPR, NMBR) • Bradykinin (B1, B2) • Cannabinoid (CB1, CB2) • Chemokine • Cholecystokinin (A, B) • Dopamine (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) • EBI2 • Endothelin (A, B) • Estrogen • Formyl peptide (1, L1, L2) • Free fatty acid (1, 2, 3, 4) • FSH • Galanin (1, 2, 3) • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1, 2) • Ghrelin • Histamine (H1, H2, H3, H4) • Kisspeptin • Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin • Lysophospholipid (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) • MAS (1, 1L, D, E, F, G, X1, X2, X3, X4) • Melanocortin (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) • MCHR (1, 2) • Melatonin (1A, 1B) • Motilin • Opioid (Delta, Kappa, Mu, Nociceptin, but not Sigma) • Olfactory • Opsin (3, 4, 5, 1LW, 1MW, 1SW, RGR, RRH) • Orexin (1, 2) • Oxytocin • Oxoglutarate • PAF • Prokineticin (1, 2) • Prolactin-releasing peptide • Protease-activated (1, 2, 3, 4) • Relaxin (1, 2, 3, 4) • Somatostatin (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) • SREB • Succinate • TAAR (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9) • Tachykinin (1, 2, 3) • Thyrotropin • Thyrotropin-releasing hormone • Urotensin-II • Vasopressin (1A, 1B, 2)
Class B: Secretin like
GPR (56, 64, 97, 98, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 133, 143, 144, 157)
Other
Class C: Metabotropic
glutamate / pheromone
TAS1R (1, 2, 3) • TAS2R (1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50)
Other
Calcium-sensing receptor • GABA B (1, 2) • Glutamate receptor (Metabotropic glutamate (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)) • GPRC6A • GPR (156, 158, 179) • RAIG (1, 2, 3, 4)
Frizzled / Smoothened
Frizzled (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) • Smoothened

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