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The Grand Union Flag, also known as the Congress flag, the First Navy Ensign, the Cambridge Flag, and the Continental Colors, is considered to be the first national flag of the United States. This flag consisted of 13 red and white stripes with the British Union Flag of the time (prior to the inclusion of St. Patrick's cross of Ireland) in the canton.
The flag was first flown on December 3, 1775 by John Paul Jones (then a Continental Navy lieutenant) on the ship Alfred in Philadelphia (see [1]). The Alfred flag has been credited to Margaret Manny1. It was used by the American Continental forces as a naval ensign and garrison flag in 1776 and early 1777. It is widely believed that the flag was raised by George Washington's army on New Year's Day 1776 at Prospect Hill in Charlestown (now part of Somerville), near his headquarters at Cambridge, Massachusetts, and that the flag was interpreted by British observers as a sign of surrender (Preble 1880, p. 218). Recent scholarship disputes this traditional account, concluding that the flag raised at Prospect Hill was most likely a British union flag (Ansoff 2006).
The design of the Grand Union flag is similar to the flag of the British East India Company (BEIC). Indeed, certain BEIC designs in use since 1707 (when the canton was changed from the flag of England to that of Great Britain) were identical, as the number of stripes varied from 9 to 15. That BEIC flags were potentially well known by the American colonists has been the basis of a theory of the origin of the Grand Union flag's design (see Fawcett 1937).
The Flag Act of 1777 authorized as the official national flag a design similar to that of the Grand Union, with thirteen stars (representing the original thirteen U.S. states) on a field of blue replacing the British Union flag in the canton. The overlap of crosses in the canton was symbolic of two kingdoms, England and Scotland; this practice of displaying the equal components called states in America, was adopted in the form of stars, suggesting universalism, aside from the rather limiting usage to be had from continually adding crosses, no crosses being distinctly representative per colony-cum-commonwealth/state (unlike St. George for England, St. Andrew for Scotland and, later St. Patrick for Ireland).
Today the Grand Union flag is often included as the "first flag" in displays of U.S. flag history, such as on the backdrop of Presidential inaugurations.
References
- ^ Leepson, 51
- Ansoff, Peter. (2006). The Flag on Prospect Hill. Raven: A Journal of Vexillology, 13, 77–100, ISSN 1071-0043, LCCN 94-220.
- Fawcett, Charles. (1937). Mariners Mirror, October. The STRIPED FLAG of the EAST INDIA COMPANY, and its CONNEXION with the AMERICAN "STARS and STRIPES"
- Hamilton, Schuyler. (1853). History of the National Flag of the United States of America
- Leepson, Marc Flag: An American Biography 2004. ISBN 0-312-32308-5
- Preble, George Henry. (1880). History of the Flag of the United States of America
- Grand Union Flag at Flags of the World
Wikipedia content modification information:
- This page was last modified on 2 January 2009, at 11:32.
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