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Candle making was developed independently in many countries throughout history. The Egyptians formed candles that were made out of beeswax as early as 3000 BC.1 The Chinese created candles from whale fat during the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC). In early China and Japan, tapers were made with wax from insects and seeds, wrapped in paper.2 In India, wax from boiling cinnamon was used for temple candles.2 During the first century AD, indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest fused oil from the eulachon, or "candlefish", for illumination.2 Excavations at Pompeii, Italy, revealed several candelabra.
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3000 - 1 BC
The clay candle holders found in Egypt date back to 400 BC.3
Qin Shi Huang (259–210 BC) was the first emperor of the Chinese Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC). His mausoleum, which was rediscovered in the 1990s, twenty-two miles east of Xi'an, contained candles made from whale fat.4 The word zhú 燭 in Chinese originally meant torch and could havethe Warring States Period (403–221 BC); some excavated bronzewares from that era feature a pricket thought to hold a candle.5 The Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) Jizhupian dictionary of about 40 BC hints at candles being made of beeswax, while the Book of Jin (compiled in 648) covering the Jin Dynasty (265–420) makes a solid reference to the beeswax candle in regards to its use by the statesman Zhou Yi (d. 322).5 An excavated earthenware bowl from the 4th century AD, located at the Luoyang Museum, has a hollowed socket where traces of wax were found.5
Wax from boiling cinnamon was used for temple candles in India2.
1 AD - 1500 AD
There is a fish called the eulachon or "candlefish", a type of smelt which is found from Oregon to Alaska. During the first century AD, indigenous people from this region used oil from this fish for illumination2. A simple candle could be made by putting the dried fish on a forked stick and then lighting it. In Rome, they used tallow, derived from suet, a crumbly animal fat to make their candles. Although the tallow was extremely smoky, the smoke was forgiven for light and used for prayer. They were at altars, shrines, used in temples and were very common. The technique was simple; the tallow was put into the melting pot, then poured into molds made of bronze. A trough underneath would catch the excess wax and return it to the melting pot. For the wick, a cord, usually made from the pith of rushes, is suspended from a horizontal rod over the mold when the tallow is poured in.
Excavations at Pompeii discovered several candelabracitation needed.
Yak butter was used for candles in Tibet6
In Europe, the earliest surviving candle was discovered near Avignon in France, from the first century AD.1
Manufacturing of candles
The oldest candle manufacturers still in existence are Rathbornes Candles, founded in Dublin in 1488.
Making candles for timekeeping
Anglo-Saxon king Alfred the Great (c. 849 - 899) used a candle-clock which burned for 4 hours. There were lines around the side to show the passing of each hour7. Later, 24-hour candles were invented based on the same concept.8 The Sung dynasty in China (960–1279) also used candle-clocks.9
1500 AD - present
During the Middle Ages in Europe, the popularity of candles is shown by their use in Candlemas and on Saint Lucy festivities. Tallow, fat from cows or sheep, became the standard material used in candles in Europe. The Tallow Chandlers Company of London was formed in about 1300 in London, and in 1456 was granted a coat of arms. Dating from about 1330, the Wax Chandlers Company acquired its charter in 1484. By 1415, tallow candles were used in street lighting. The trade of the chandler is also recorded by the more picturesque name of "smeremongere", since they oversaw the manufacture of sauces, vinegar, soap and cheese. The unpleasant smell of tallow candles is due to the glycerine they contain. For churches and royal events, candles from beeswax were used, as the smell was usually less unpleasant. The smell of the manufacturing process was so unpleasant that it was banned by ordinance in several cities. The first candle mould comes from 15th century Pariscitation needed.
The first American colonists discovered that bayberries could be used to make candles, but the yield was very poor. Fifteen pounds of boiled bayberries would provide only one pound of wax.10
By the 18th century, the Chinese designed weights into the sides of candles; as such a candle melted, the weights fell off and made a noise as they fell into a bowl.
In 1750, Spermaceti, oil that comes from sperm whale, was used to provide very expensive candles. By 1800, a much cheaper alternative was discovered. Colza oil, derived from Brassica campestris, and a similar oil derived from rape seed, yielded candles that produce clear, smokeless flames. The French chemists Michel Eugène Chevreul (1786–1889) and Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac (1778–1850) patented stearin, in 1811. Like tallow, this was derived from animals, but had no glycerine content.
Manufacturing of candles
Joseph Sampson was granted a United States patent for a new method of candle making in 1790 (this was the second patent ever granted by the US).11
In 1834, Joseph Morgan began to industrialise the production of candles. He invented a machine to manufacture 1,500 per hour, from a mould.12
A chemist called Laurent distilled Paraffin from schist in 1830. Another chemist, Dumas, obtained paraffin from coal-tar in 1835. Not until 1850 did paraffin become commercially viable, when James Young filed a patent to produce it from coal.13 Paraffin could be used to make inexpensive candles of high quality.
Kerosene's impact on candle making
Despite advances in candle making, the candle industry was devastated soon after by the distillation of kerosene (an excellent fuel for lamps). (In Britain, kerosene is known as paraffin oil or paraffin despite having little to do with paraffin wax). From this point, candles became more of a decorative item.
In 1829, William Wilson of Price's Candles invested in 1,000 acres (4 km²) of coconut plantation in Sri Lanka14. His aim was to make candles from coconut oil. Later he tried palm oil from palm trees. An accidental discovery swept all his ambitions aside when his brother George Wilson distilled the first petroleum oil in 1854. In 1919, Lever Brothers purchased Price's Candles and in 1922, a joint-owned company called "Candles Ltd" was created. By 1991, the last remaining owner of "Candles Ltd" was Shell Oil Company, who sold off the candle-making part of business.
Candles for timekeeping
A form of candle-clock was used in coal-mining until the twentieth century.
References
- ^ a b Malbrough, Ray T. (1998). The Magical Power of the Saints: Evocation and Candle Rituals. Llewellyn Worldwide, 68. ISBN 1567184561.
- ^ a b c d e Telesco, Patricia (2001). Exploring Candle Magick: Candle Spells, Charms, Rituals, and Divinations. Career Press, 10. ISBN 1564145220.
- ^ Acaysha (2004). Show Me, Teach Me, Heal Me: A Beginner's Guide to Natural Answers. Trafford Publishing, 83. ISBN 1412001315.
- ^ Dawson, Raymond. (2007). Sima Qian: The First Emperor; Selections from the Historical Records. Preface by K.E. Brashier. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199226342.
- ^ a b c Needham, Joseph. (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 1, Physics. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. Pages 79–80.
- ^ Template:Url = http://picasaweb.google.com/mishalin77/082702
- ^ Tappan, Eva (2006). In the Days of Alfred the Great. Yesterday's Classics, 226-227. ISBN 1599150352.
- ^ Dohrn-van Rossum, Gerhard; Thomas Dunlap (1996). History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders. University of Chicago Press, 59. ISBN 0226155102.
- ^ Bedini, Silvio A. (1994). The Trail of Time: Time Measurement with Incense in East Asia. Cambridge University Press, 54. ISBN 0521374820.
- ^ Mays, Dorothy A. (2004). Women in Early America: Struggle, Survival, and Freedom in a New World. ABC-CLIO, 438. ISBN 1851094296.
- ^ Thompson, Holland (2003). Age of Invention: Chronicles of America Part 37. Kessinger Publishing, 28-29. ISBN 0766160130.
- ^ Phillips, Gordon (1999). Seven Centuries of Light: The Tallow Chandlers Company. Book Production Consultants plc, 74. ISBN 1857570642.
- ^ Golan, Tal (2004). Laws of Men and Laws of Nature: The History of Scientific Expert Testimony in England and America. Harvard University Press, 89-91. ISBN 0674012860.
- ^ Ball, Michael; David Sunderland (2001). An Economic History of London, 1800-1914. Routledge, 131-132. ISBN 0415246911.
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