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| Places of articulation |
|---|
|
• Labial |
| Bilabial |
| Labial-velar |
| Labial-alveolar |
| Labiodental |
|
• Bidental |
|
• Coronal |
| Linguolabial |
| Interdental |
| Dental |
| Denti-alveolar |
| Alveolar |
| Apical |
| Laminal |
| Postalveolar |
| Alveolo-palatal |
| Retroflex |
|
• Dorsal |
| Palatal |
| Labial-palatal |
| Velar |
| Uvular |
| Uvular-epiglottal |
|
• Radical |
| Pharyngeal |
| Epiglotto-pharyngeal |
| Epiglottal |
|
• Glottal |
|
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Labials are consonants articulated either with both lips (bilabial articulation) or with the lower lip and the upper teeth (labiodental articulation). English [m] is a bilabial nasal sonorant, [b] and [p] are bilabial stops (plosives), [v] and [f] are labiodental fricatives.
Bilabial fricatives and the bilabial approximant do not exist in standard English, but do occur in many languages. For example, the Spanish consonant spelt b or v is pronounced as a voiced bilabial approximant between vowels.
Lip rounding, or labialisation can also accompany other articulations. English /w/ is a labialised velar approximant.
Labial consonants are divided into two subplaces of articulation:
Very few languages, however, make a distinction on purely this basis. (One example is Ewe, with both kinds of fricatives.) For by far the most languages in the world, labial by itself is a sufficient phonemic specification. Whether the sounds will actually be bilabial or labiodental depends on the language, but the most common pattern is that exhibited in English: bilabial stops and nasals, labiodental fricatives. Neither purely labial approximant is as common as the labial-velar approximant /w/.
See also
References
- Ladefoged, Peter; Ian Maddieson (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
Wikipedia content modification information:
- This page was last modified on 29 October 2008, at 20:56.
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