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| Norway and World War II |
|---|
| Key events |
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Weserübung |
| People |
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Haakon VII · Nygaardsvold |
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Quisling · Jonas Lie · Riisnæs |
| Organizations |
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Milorg · XU · Linge · Osvald Group · Nortraship |
| Supported legitimate exiled government. |
| Supported German occupiers and Nasjonal Samling party. |
When the German occupation of Norway ended in May of 1945, several thousand Norwegians and foreign citizens were tried and convicted for various acts that the occupying powers sanctioned. The scope, legal basis, and fairness of these trials has been a matter of some debate since then.
Contents |
Background
The German invasion of Norway during World War II created a number of constitutional issues, chiefly related to what was the legitimate Norwegian government, and whether the constitution and Norwegian code of law remained in effect during the occupation. Although the occupying power, under Reichskommissar Josef Terboven and the puppet Norwegian regime under Vidkun Quisling claimed that the Norwegian government had abandoned its authority in the spring of 1940, the Norwegian government claimed that it had merely capitulated the military struggle for the homeland, while the executive branch had been given special powers by the Norwegian parliament through the Elverum Authorization. The Norwegian government's claim was upheld both by parliament and the Norwegian Supreme Court after the war, which in turn led to an extensive set of indictments and convictions against Norwegian citizens for treason, and German citizens for war crimes1.
Already in 1941 and 1942, the Norwegian government in exile put into effect a number of decrees regarding treasonous acts. Capital punishment was reinstituted as an option, prison sentences under hard labor were approved, higher upper limits for financial penalties, and a new controversial measure known as "loss of public confidence," (tap av almenn tillit), effectively depriving those convicted of various civil privileges. These decrees reached a final, workable form on December 15, 1944, the so-called Landssvikanordning. Crimes defined in these decrees notably included membership in Nasjonal Samling, the Norwegian fascist party that collaborated with the Nazis.2
Culpable acts during the occupation
Nasjonal Samling, the Norwegian fascist party that supported the Nazi regime, and was made the only legal party in Norway in the fall of 1940, never achieved any level of support that could justify a claim to legitimacy for its government. Quisling's claim to the government was based on the premise that the existing parties had abdicated their responsibilities by leaving Norway, and that Nasjonal Samling had taken the responsible course by assuming the mantle of governorship.
The government in exile saw things differently, viewing the German government as an enemy of war. Anything that aided and encouraged the German occupation was therefore in principle considered treason, including the mere membership in Nasjonal Samling3. More obvious acts in support of Nasjonal Samling and/or the Nazi regime were also considered criminal, including economic support for the war effort and other financial crimes.
Norwegians who had volunteered for military service with the German military, and especially Germanic-SS were subject to criminal prosecution; as were police officers in Sikkerhetspolitiet and Norwegian members of the Gestapo. War crimes included torture, executions, and other mistreatment of prisoners.
Process
Both the Norwegian paramilitary forces within the kingdom (Milorg) and the Norwegian police forces that had been trained in Sweden, were well briefed and prepared ahead of the official liberation on May 8th, 1945. The government viewed it as paramount to avoid lynching or other extrajudicial punishment. Though this was largely avoided, 28,750 individuals were arrested the first few days. Most of these were released quickly, but by August, 1946, between 5,000 and 6,000 were still detained.4
The Norwegian attorney general (which is to say, the highest prosecuting authority in Norway) was responsible for the prosecution, in this case Sven Arntzen. Considerable public and internal debate accompanied the trials from beginning to end, with Arntzen himself playing a highly public profile in establishing the principles that should drive the trials.
Outcomes
Controversy
The prosecution of individuals who had served with the German Red Cross was questioned, among them Hanna Kvanmo, who later rose to fame as a socialist politician. Finally, although a number of Norwegians had served in the SS on the Eastern Front, these were only charged and tried for treason, never for war crimes5
In total, 28,750 individuals were arrested as part of the purge; these were subject to various kinds of penalties, including fines, prison sentences, and in a small number of cases, death. Earlier in the war, Crown-Prince Olav stated to the New York Times that he anticipated that all members of Nasjonal Samling would be executed, which would have been over 2% of the Norwegian population.citation needed
Altogether, prosecutors called for the death penalty in 200 cases of treason; of these, 30 were condemned, and 25 were carried out. The practice was controversial from the beginning, in part because the government instituted the death penalty before the parliament had convened after the war.citation needed
During the summer of 1945, there was a fierce debate in Norwegian newspapers about the prosecution and punishment of war criminals and traitors. Many spoke openly of retaliation, but others argued that death penalty was a "drawback for a civilized community". As tensions hardened, the ones fighting against death penalty for humanitarian reasons, were stigmatized as "the silk front". Those who favored harsh penalties were known as "the ice front". The editorial pages of Norwegian newspapers demanded harsh penalties reminiscent to many of a witch hunt.specify In later years, studies and inquiries have shown that justice was administered unevenly and - by today's standards - harshly.specify Those who sided with Nasjonal Samling during the war were often publicly shamed beyond the fines they paid and time they served.citation needed
To this day, there is great sensitivity on this subject in Norwegian society.6
People executed as part of the legal purge
In total, 45 individuals were condemned to death as a result of the legal purge - 30 for treason and 15 for war crimes. Of these, 37 were executed - the first on August 17, 1945 and the last on August 28, 1948. All were executed by an 11-member firing squad at five metres' distance under the command of the local chief of police in one of the four designated cities (Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim, and Tromsø) for execution.citation needed As all those involved in the execution were sworn to secrecy, there are few reliable accounts of the executions.citation needed
Executed for treason:
- Olav Aspheim, executed March 19, 1948, Akershus fortress, Oslo
- Per Fredrik Bergeen, member of the Rinnan gang, executed July 12, 1947, Kristiansten Fortress, Trondheim
- Hermann Eduard Franz Dragass, executed July 10, 1948, Kristiansten
- Einar Olav Christianen Dønnum, executed April 22, 1947, Akershus
- Hans Birger Egeberg, Rinnan gang, executed October 4, 1945, Kristiansten
- Harald Grøtte, Rinnan gang, executed July 12, 1947, Kristiansten
- Alfred Josef Gärtner, executed August 8, 1946, Sverresborg fortress, Bergen
- Albert Viljam Hagelin, executed May 25, 1946, Akershus
- Olaus Salberg Peter Hamrun, Rinnan gang, July 12, 1947, Kristiansten
- Harry Arnfinn Hofstad, Rinnan gang, executed July 12, 1947, Kristiansten
- Reidar Haaland, executed August 17, 1945, Akershus
- Bjarne Konrad Jenshus, Rinnan gang, executed July 12, 1947, Kristiansten
- Johny Alf Larsen, executed May 29, 1947, Bremnes fortress, Bodø
- Aksel Julius Mære, Rinnan gang, executed July 12, 1947, Kristiansten festning
- Hans Jakob Skaar Pedersen, executed March 30, 1946, Sverresborg
- Eilif Rye Pisani, executed April 2, 1947, Kvarven Fortress, Bergen
- Vidkun Quisling, executed October 24, 1945, Akershus
- Kristian Johan Randal, Rinnan gang, executed July 12, 1947, Kristiansten
- Henry Rinnan, leader of the Rinnan gang, executed February 1, 1947, Kristiansten
- Max Emil Gustav Rook, executed June 5, 1947, Sverresborg
- Harry Aleksander Rønning, Rinnan gang, executed July 12, 1947, Kristiansten
- Arne Braa Saatvedt, executed October 20, 1945, Akershus
- Ragnar Skancke, executed August 28, 1948, Akershus, the last person to be executed in Norway.
- Holger Tou, executed January 30, 1947, Sverresborg
- Ole Wehus, executed October 20, 1945, Akershus
Executed for war crimes:
- Richard Wilhelm Hermann Bruns, executed September 20, 1947, Akershus
- Siegfried Wolfgang Fehmer, executed March 16, 1948, Akershus
- Gerhard Friedrich Ernst Flesch, executed February 28, 1948, Kristiansten
- Nils Peter Bernhard Hjelmberg, executed August 8, 1946, Sverresborg
- Willi August Kesting, executed August 8, 1946, Sverresborg
- Karl-Hans Hermann Klinge, executed March 28, 1946, Akershus
- Emil Hugo Friedrich Koeber, executed March 22, 1947, Kristiansten
- Julius Hans Christian Nielson, executed July 10, 1948, Kristiansten
- Ludwig Runzheimer, executed July 6, 1946, Sverresborg
- Rudolf Theodor Adolf Schubert, executed September 20, 1947, Akershus
- August Stuckmann, executed March 28, 1947, Akershus
- Otto Wilhelm Albert Suhr, executed January 10, 1948, Akershus
References
- ^ Andenæs, Johs [1979] (1980). Det vanskelige oppgjøret, 2nd (in Norwegian), Oslo: Tanum-Norli, pps 91+96. ISBN 8251809177.
- ^ Andenæs (1980, pps 52-53)
- ^ A landmark case was that against the aging Nobel laureate Knut Hamsun, who had written admiring articles about Hitler and Nazism. Even though he was never proven to be a member of Nasjonal Samling, he was still convicted and sentenced.
- ^ Andenæs (1980, p. 59). Andenæs notes that no cases of extrajudicial punishments were known to have taken place, with the exception of women who had had children with German military personnel (tyskertøser), who had committed no crime but had offended public sensibilities. These often had their heads shaved and were humiliated in public.
- ^ Egil Ulateig (2006-12-04). "Krigsforbryterne blant oss" (in Norwegian). Aftenposten. Retrieved on 2008-02-25.
- ^ Ole Kristian Nordengen (2008-09-21). "Nytt lys over det norske rettsoppgjøret?" (in Norwegian). Aftenposten. Retrieved on 2008-01-25.
- University of Oslo: The Legal Purges in Norway after 1945 - A Research Project: Project Description
- Home page for project
- in Per Ola Johansen: På siden av rettsoppgjøret (in Norwegian). Oslo: Unipub. ISBN 8274772334.
- The Norwegian SS Volunteers In addition to general information about the Norwegian SS volunteers, also contains information about what happened to these soldiers after the war.
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- This page was last modified on 20 October 2008, at 21:43.
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