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The Royal Arms of Canada since their proclamation by King George V in 1921, featuring the three lions of England in the first quarter, the lion rampant of Scotland in the second, the harp of Ireland in the third, the gold fleurs-de-lis of France in the fourth, and a sprig of maple leaves in the fifth charge for Canada.

This page lists those monarchs who have reigned over Canada since Confederation in 1867, at which time the country was deemed to have become a kingdom in its own right.¹

However, though Canada became self-governing Dominion within the British Empire in 1867, the concept of the state being in a full personal union with the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms did not emerge until the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931.²³⁴⁵ Since that time, the Canadian Crown has been recognized as legally distinct from the crowns of the other Commonwealth realms, meaning that Canada has a distinct national monarch.⁶ Still, though the term King of Canada was used as early as the beginning of the reign of George VI, it was not until 1953 that the style was made official; Elizabeth II was the first monarch to be separately proclaimed as Queen of Canada, by the Royal Style and Titles Act.

For a longer list of monarchs of territories that today comprise Canada, see: History of monarchy in Canada: Monarchs of Canadian territories.

Monarchs of Canada

Sovereigns of Canada from 1867 to present:
#	Name	Picture	Reign
House of Hanover
Canada; Dominion of the British Empire
1	Victoria7		July 1, 1867 – January 22, 1901
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
2	Edward VII		January 22, 1901 – May 6, 1910
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1910-17), then House of Windsor
3	George V		May 6, 1910 –
Canada; kingdom in personal union with other realms of the Commonwealth
3	George V		– January 20, 1936
4	Edward VIII		January 20 – December 11, 1936
5	George VI		December 11, 1936 – February 6, 1952
6	Elizabeth II		February 6, 1952 – Present

List of royal consorts of Canada

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, the current Royal Consort of Canada, pictured in Ottawa, 1951.

A royal consort is the spouse of a ruling king or queen. Consorts of Canadian monarchs have no constitutional status or power, but are members of the Canadian Royal Family, and may have significant influence over their husband or wife.

In the United Kingdom, all female consorts have had the right to and have held the title of Queen Consort; as Canada does not have laws laying out the styles of any Royal Family members besides the monarch, they are accorded the same title as they hold in the UK as a courtesy title. Prince Philip, husband of Elizabeth II, does not have the title of Prince Consort.

Two sovereigns reigned over Canada without a consort: Victoria's husband, Albert, died before Confederation, and as Wallis Warfield Simpson married the Duke of Windsor after his abdication, she was never queen consort of Canada. Though Camilla Parker-Bowles will technically become queen consort, Clarence House has stated that she will be styled as Princess Consort due to public opinion regarding her relationship with the Prince of Wales.

Royal Consorts from 1867 to present:
#	Name	Picture	Marriage	Royal Consort from	Consort of
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
1*	Alexandra of Denmark		March 10, 1863	January 22, 1901 husband's ascension	Edward VII
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1910-1917), then House of Windsor
2	Mary of Teck		July 6, 1893	May 6, 1910 husband's ascension	George V
3	Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon		April 26, 1923	December 11, 1936 husband's ascension	George VI
4	Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh		November 20, 1947	February 6, 1952 wife's ascension	Elizabeth II

* The consort of Queen Victoria, Albert, Prince Consort, died on December 14, 1861, while Canada was confederated on July 1, 1867.

See also

• List of Governors General of Canada
• Monarchy of Canada
• Monarchs of Canadian territories
• History of Canada
• Prince consort
• List of current heads of state and government

Footnotes

1. ^ The Crown in CanadaPDF (376 KiB)
2. ^ Zines, The High Court and the Constitution, 4th ed. (1997) at 314: "The Queen as monarch of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand is in a position resembling that of the King of Scotland and of England between 1603 and 1707 when two independent countries had a common sovereign"; the relationship between England and Scotland during those years is described as a personal union.
3. ^ P. E. Corbett (1940). "The Status of the British Commonwealth in International Law". The University of Toronto Law Journal 3 (2): 348–359. doi:10.2307/824318, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0042-0220%281940%293%3A2%3C348%3ATSOTBC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J. 
4. ^ F. R. Scott (January 1944). "The End of Dominion Status". The American Journal of International Law 38 (1): 34–49. doi:10.2307/2192530, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9300%28194401%2938%3A1%3C34%3ATEODS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B. 
5. ^ R v Foreign Secretary; Ex parte Indian Association, QB 892 at 928; as referenced in High Court of Australia: Sue v Hill [1999 HCA 30; 23 June 1999; S179/1998 and B49/1998]
6. ^ The English Court of Appeal ruled in 1982, while "there is only one person who is the Sovereign within the British Commonwealth... in matters of law and government the Queen of the United Kingdom, for example, is entirely independent and distinct from the Queen of Canada." R v Foreign Secretary; Ex parte Indian Association, QB 892 at 928; as referenced in High Court of Australia: Sue v Hill [1999 HCA 30; 23 June 1999; S179/1998 and B49/1998]
7. ^ The Canadian Heraldry Society states: "...Her Majesty, Queen Victoria, [was Queen of Canada and all her other realms. Queen Victoria was the first Monarch of the confederation of provinces that became known as the Dominion of Canada on July 1, 1867."

External links

• Department of Canadian Heritage: Sovereigns since Confederation (1867)
• Senate of Canada: Canada, A Constitutional Monarchy

v • d • e   Monarchs of Canada Dominion of Canada (1867-1931) Victoria  · Edward VII  · George V Canada (1931-present) George V  · Edward VIII  · George VI  · Elizabeth II

v • d • e   Canadian monarchy The Crown Monarchy of Canada · Monarchy in the Canadian provinces (BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PE NL) · List of Canadian monarchs · List of Royal Consorts of Canada · Canadian Royal Family Viceroys Governor General of Canada · List of Governors General of Canada · Lieutenant Governors in Canada Constitutional Queen-in-Council · Queen-in-Parliament · Queen-on-the-Bench · Queen's peace · Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces · The Canadian Crown and the Canadian Forces · The Canadian Crown and First Nations, Inuit and Métis Legal Crown corporations of Canada · Crown copyright · Queen's Printer Ceremonial & symbolic Canadian royal symbols · Title and Style · Royal Arms of Canada · Royal Anthem of Canada · Colonels-in-Chief of Canadian Forces · Chapels Royal · List of Canadian organizations with royal patronage · List of Canadian organizations with royal prefix · Royal tours of Canada Related History of monarchy in Canada · Debate on the monarchy in Canada

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