Melting points of the elements (data page)

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This page lists melting points for various chemical elements at standard atmospheric pressure in Kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit . In general, melting points increase going from top to bottom, although there are many exceptions. Also, elements toward the middle of the table, which form strong metallic bonds and elements which form covalently bonded compounds, and not diatomic gases, such as carbon, which has the highest melting point in its diamond allotrope.

This page is intended as a chemical data reference page only. For more information on melting points, please see

<==Chemical Reference Data Sets

Contents

Melting point

1 H hydrogen (H2)
use 14.01 K -259.14 °C -434.45 °F
WEL 14.01 K -259.14 °C -434.45 °F
CRC -259.34 °C
LNG -259.35 °C
2 He helium
use 0.95 K (at 2.5 MPa) -272.2 °C (at 2.5 MPa) -458 °F (at 2.5 MPa)
WEL 0.95 K -272.2 °C -458 °F
LNG -272.15 °C (at 25 atm)
3 Li lithium
use 453.69 K 180.54 °C 356.97 °F
WEL 453.69 K 180.54 °C 356.97 °F
CRC 180.50 °C
LNG 180.54 °C
4 Be beryllium
use 1560 K 1287 °C 2349 °F
WEL 1560 K 1287 °C 2349 °F
CRC 1287 °C
LNG 1287 °C
5 B boron
use 2349 K 2076 °C 3769 °F
WEL 2349 K 2076 °C 3769 °F
CRC 2075 °C
LNG 2076 °C
6 C carbon (graphite)
use
WEL  ? (3800 K)  ? (3527 °C)  ? (6381 °F)
CRC tp 4489 °C (at 10.3 MPa)
LNG subl. (3915–4020) °C
6 C carbon (diamond)
use
WEL  ? (3800 K)  ? (3527 °C)  ? (6381 °F)
CRC 4440 °C (at 12.4 GPa)
LNG (at 63.5 atm) 3500 °C
7 N nitrogen (N2)
use 63.15 K -210.00 °C -346.00 °F
WEL 63.05 K -210.1 °C -346.18 °F
CRC -210.00 °C
LNG -210.01 °C
8 O oxygen (O2)
use 54.36 K -218.79 °C -361.82 °F
WEL 54.8 K -218.3 °C -360.9 °F
CRC -218.79 °C
LNG -218.4 °C
9 F fluorine (F2)
use 53.53 K -219.62 °C -363.32 °F
WEL 53.53 K -219.62 °C -363.32 °F
CRC tp -219.67 °C
LNG -219.61 °C
10 Ne neon
use 24.56 K -248.59 °C -415.46 °F
WEL 24.56 K -248.59 °C -415.46 °F
CRC -248.59 °C
LNG -248.67 °C
11 Na sodium
use 370.87 K 97.72 °C 207.9 °F
WEL 370.87 K 97.72 °C 207.9 °F
CRC 97.80 °C
LNG 97.82 °C
12 Mg magnesium
use 923 K 650 °C 1202 °F
WEL 923 K 650 °C 1202 °F
CRC 650 °C
LNG 651 °C
13 Al aluminium
use 933.47 K 660.32 °C 1220.58 °F
WEL 933.47 K 660.32 °C 1220.58 °F
CRC 660.32 °C
LNG 660.323 °C
freezing point 933.473 K (660.323 °C) fixed point on ITS-90
14 Si silicon
use 1687 K 1414 °C 2577 °F
WEL 1687 K 1414 °C 2577 °F
CRC 1414 °C
LNG 1412 °C
15 P phosphorus (white)
use 317.30 K 44.15 °C 111.47 °F
WEL 317.3 K 44.2 °C 111.6 °F
CRC 44.15 °C
LNG 44.15 °C
15 P phosphorus (red)
use 870 K 597 °C 1107 °F
CRC tp 590 °C
LNG 597 °C
15 P phosphorus (black)
use 883 K 610 °C 1130 °F
CRC 610 °C
LNG
16 S sulfur (orthorhombic, alpha)
use (trans. to beta) 368.4 K (trans. to beta) 95.3 °C (trans. to beta) 203.5 °F
CRC (trans. to mono) 95.3 °C
LNG (trans. to beta) 94.5 °C
16 S sulfur (monoclinic, beta, trans. slowly to alpha)
use 388.36 K 115.21 °C 239.38 °F
WEL 388.36 K 115.21 °C 239.38 °F
CRC 119.6 °C
LNG 115.21 °C
16 S sulfur (gamma)
use 380.0 K 106.8 °C 224.2 °F
LNG 106.8 °C
17 Cl chlorine (Cl2)
use 171.6 K -101.5 °C -150.7 °F
WEL 171.6 K -101.5 °C -150.7 °F
CRC -101.5 °C
LNG -101.5 °C
18 Ar argon
use 83.80 K -189.35 °C -308.83 °F
WEL 83.8 K -189.3 °C -308.7 °F
CRC -189.35 °C
LNG -189.38 °C
19 K potassium
use 336.53 K 63.38 °C 146.08 °F
WEL 336.53 K 63.38 °C 146.08 °F
CRC 63.5 °C
CR2 63.38 °C
LNG 63.38 °C
20 Ca calcium
use 1115 K 842 °C 1548 °F
WEL 1115 K 842 °C 1548 °F
CRC 842 °C
LNG 842 °C
21 Sc scandium
use 1814 K 1541 °C 2806 °F
WEL 1814 K 1541 °C 2806 °F
CRC 1541 °C
LNG 1541 °C
22 Ti titanium (hexagonal)
use 1941 K 1668 °C 3034 °F
WEL 1941 K 1668 °C 3034 °F
CRC 1668 °C
LNG 1668 °C
23 V vanadium
use 2183 K 1910 °C 3470 °F
WEL 2183 K 1910 °C 3470 °F
CRC 1910 °C
LNG 1917 °C
24 Cr chromium
use 2180 K 1907 °C 3465 °F
WEL 2180 K 1907 °C 3465 °F
CRC 1907 °C
LNG 1907 °C
25 Mn manganese
use 1519 K 1246 °C 2275 °F
WEL 1519 K 1246 °C 2275 °F
CRC 1246 °C
LNG (face-centered tetragonal) 1244 °C
26 Fe iron
use 1811 K 1538 °C 2800 °F
WEL 1811 K 1538 °C 2800 °F
CRC 1538 °C
LNG 1535 °C
27 Co cobalt
use 1768 K 1495 °C 2723 °F
WEL 1768 K 1495 °C 2723 °F
CRC 1495 °C
LNG 1494 °C
28 Ni nickel
use 1728 K 1455 °C 2651 °F
WEL 1728 K 1455 °C 2651 °F
CRC 1455 °C
LNG 1453 °C
29 Cu copper
use 1357.77 K 1084.62 °C 1984.32 °F
WEL 1357.77 K 1084.62 °C 1984.32 °F
CRC 1084.62 °C
LNG 1084.62 °C
freezing point 1357.77 K (1084.62 °C) fixed point on ITS-90
30 Zn zinc
use 692.68 K 419.53 °C 787.15 °F
WEL 692.68 K 419.53 °C 787.15 °F
CRC 419.53 °C
LNG 419.527 °C
freezing point 692.677 K (419.527 °C) fixed point on ITS-90
31 Ga gallium
use 302.9146 K 29.7646 °C 85.5763 °F
WEL 302.91 K 29.76 °C 85.57 °F
CRC tp 29.771 °C
CR2 29.76 °C
LNG 29.7646 °C
melting point 302.9146 K (29.7646 °C) fixed point on ITS-90
32 Ge germanium
use 1211.40 K 938.25 °C 1720.85 °F
WEL 1211.4 K 938.3 °C 1720.9 °F
CRC 938.25 °C
LNG 937.3 °C
33 As arsenic
use 1090 K 817 °C 1503 °F
WEL 1090 K 817 °C 1503 °F
CRC tp 817 °C (at 3.70 MPa)
CR2 817 °C
LNG 817 °C
34 Se selenium (hexagonal, gray)
use 494 K 221 °C 430 °F
WEL 494 K 221 °C 430 °F
CRC 220.5 °C
CR2 221 °C
LNG 217 °C
34 Se selenium (vitreous)
use (trans. to gray) 453 K (trans. to gray) 180 °C (trans. to gray) 356 °F
CRC (trans. to gray) 180 °C
35 Br bromine (Br2)
use 265.8 K -7.3 °C 19 °F
WEL 265.8 K -7.3 °C 19 °F
CRC -7.2 °C
LNG -7.25 °C
36 Kr krypton
use 115.79 K -157.36 °C -251.25 °F
WEL 115.79 K -157.36 °C -251.25 °F
CRC tp -157.38 °C (at 73.2 kPa)
LNG -157.36 °C
37 Rb rubidium
use 312.46 K 39.31 °C 102.76 °F
WEL 312.46 K 39.31 °C 102.76 °F
CRC 39.30 °C
CR2 39.31 °C
LNG 39.31 °C
38 Sr strontium
use 1050 K 777 °C 1431 °F
WEL 1050 K 777 °C 1431 °F
CRC 777 °C
LNG 757 °C
39 Y yttrium
use 1799 K 1526 °C 2779 °F
WEL 1799 K 1526 °C 2779 °F
CRC 1522 °C
CR2 1526 °C
LNG 1522 °C
40 Zr zirconium
use 2128 K 1855 °C 3371 °F
WEL 2128 K 1855 °C 3371 °F
CRC 1855 °C
LNG 1852 °C
41 Nb niobium
use 2750 K 2477 °C 4491 °F
WEL 2750 K 2477 °C 4491 °F
CRC 2477 °C
LNG 2468 °C
42 Mo molybdenum
use 2896 K 2623 °C 4753 °F
WEL 2896 K 2623 °C 4753 °F
CRC 2623 °C
LNG 2622 °C
43 Tc technetium (Tc-98 ?)
use 2430 K 2157 °C 3915 °F
WEL 2430 K 2157 °C 3915 °F
CRC 2157 °C
LNG (Tc-98) 2157 °C
44 Ru ruthenium
use 2607 K 2334 °C 4233 °F
WEL 2607 K 2334 °C 4233 °F
CRC 2334 °C
LNG 2334 °C
45 Rh rhodium
use 2237 K 1964 °C 3567 °F
WEL 2237 K 1964 °C 3567 °F
CRC 1964 °C
LNG 1963 °C
46 Pd palladium
use 1828.05 K 1554.9 °C 2830.82 °F
WEL 1828.05 K 1554.9 °C 2830.82 °F
CRC 1554.9 °C
LNG 1555 °C
47 Ag silver
use 1234.93 K 961.78 °C 1763.2 °F
WEL 1234.93 K 961.78 °C 1763.2 °F
CRC 961.78 °C
LNG 961.78 °C
freezing point 1234.93 K (961.78 °C) fixed point on ITS-90
48 Cd cadmium
use 594.22 K 321.07 °C 609.93 °F
WEL 594.22 K 321.07 °C 609.93 °F
CRC 321.07 °C
LNG 321 °C
49 In indium
use 429.75 K 156.60 °C 313.88 °F
WEL 429.75 K 156.6 °C 313.88 °F
CRC 156.60 °C
LNG 156.60 °C
freezing point 429.7485 K (156.5985 °C) fixed point on ITS-90
50 Sn tin (white)
use 505.08 K 231.93 °C 449.47 °F
WEL 505.08 K 231.93 °C 449.47 °F
CRC 231.93 °C
LNG 231.928 °C
freezing point 505.078 K (231.928 °C) fixed point on ITS-90
51 Sb antimony
use 903.78 K 630.63 °C 1167.13 °F
WEL 903.78 K 630.63 °C 1167.13 °F
CRC 630.63 °C
LNG 630.7 °C
52 Te tellurium
use 722.66 K 449.51 °C 841.12 °F
WEL 722.66 K 449.51 °C 841.12 °F
CRC 449.51 °C
LNG 449.8 °C
53 I iodine (I2)
use 386.85 K 113.7 °C 236.66 °F
WEL 386.85 K 113.7 °C 236.66 °F
CRC 113.7 °C
LNG 113.60 °C
54 Xe xenon
use 161.4 K -111.7 °C -169.1 °F
WEL 161.4 K -111.7 °C -169.1 °F
CRC tp -111.79 °C (at 81.6 kPa)
LNG -111.8 °C
55 Cs caesium
use 301.59 K 28.44 °C 83.19 °F
WEL 301.59 K 28.44 °C 83.19 °F
CRC 28.5 °C
CR2 28.44 °C
LNG 28.44 °C
56 Ba barium
use 1000 K 727 °C 1341 °F
WEL 1000 K 727 °C 1341 °F
CRC 727 °C
LNG 726.9 °C
57 La lanthanum
use 1193 K 920 °C 1688 °F
WEL 1193 K 920 °C 1688 °F
CRC 918 °C
CR2 920 °C
LNG 920 °C
58 Ce cerium
use 1068 K 795 °C 1463 °F
WEL 1068 K 795 °C 1463 °F
CRC 798 °C
CR2 799 °C
LNG 795 °C
59 Pr praseodymium
use 1208 K 935 °C 1715 °F
WEL 1208 K 935 °C 1715 °F
CRC 931 °C
LNG 935 °C
60 Nd neodymium
use 1297 K 1024 °C 1875 °F
WEL 1297 K 1024 °C 1875 °F
CRC 1021 °C
CR2 1016 °C
LNG 1024 °C
61 Pm promethium (Pm-147 ?)
use 1315 K 1042 °C 1908 °F
WEL 1373 K 1100 °C 2012 °F
CRC 1042 °C
LNG (Pm-147) 1080 °C
62 Sm samarium
use 1345 K 1072 °C 1962 °F
WEL 1345 K 1072 °C 1962 °F
CRC 1074 °C
CR2 1072 °C
LNG 1074 °C
63 Eu europium
use 1099 K 826 °C 1519 °F
WEL 1099 K 826 °C 1519 °F
CRC 822 °C
LNG 822 °C
64 Gd gadolinium
use 1585 K 1312 °C 2394 °F
WEL 1585 K 1312 °C 2394 °F
CRC 1313 °C
CR2 1314 °C
LNG 1312 °C
65 Tb terbium
use 1629 K 1356 °C 2473 °F
WEL 1629 K 1356 °C 2473 °F
CRC 1356 °C
CR2 1359 °C
LNG 1356 °C
66 Dy dysprosium
use 1680 K 1407 °C 2565 °F
WEL 1680 K 1407 °C 2565 °F
CRC 1412 °C
CR2 1411 °C
LNG 1412 °C
67 Ho holmium
use 1734 K 1461 °C 2662 °F
WEL 1734 K 1461 °C 2662 °F
CRC 1474 °C
CR2 1472 °C
LNG 1474 °C
68 Er erbium
use 1802 K 1529 °C 2784 °F
WEL 1770 K 1497 °C 2727 °F
CRC 1529 °C
LNG 1529 °C
talk
  • The Gmelin rare earths handbook lists 1522 °C and 1550 °C as two melting points given in the literature, the most recent reference Handbook on the chemistry and physics of rare earths, vol.12 (1989)] is given with 1529 °C.
  • The World Book encyclopedia from 2002 lists 1529 °C.
69 Tm thulium
use 1818 K 1545 °C 2813 °F
WEL 1818 K 1545 °C 2813 °F
CRC 1545 °C
LNG 1545 °C
70 Yb ytterbium
use 1097 K 824 °C 1515 °F
WEL 1097 K 824 °C 1515 °F
CRC 819 °C
CR2 824 °C
LNG 819 °C
71 Lu lutetium
use 1925 K 1652 °C 3006 °F
WEL 1925 K 1652 °C 3006 °F
CRC 1663 °C
LNG 1663 °C
72 Hf hafnium
use 2506 K 2233 °C 4051 °F
WEL 2506 K 2233 °C 4051 °F
CRC 2233 °C
LNG 2227 °C
73 Ta tantalum
use 3290 K 3017 °C 5463 °F
WEL 3290 K 3017 °C 5463 °F
CRC 3017 °C
LNG 2996 °C
74 W tungsten
use 3695 K 3422 °C 6192 °F
WEL 3695 K 3422 °C 6192 °F
CRC 3422 °C
LNG 3387 °C
75 Re rhenium
use 3459 K 3186 °C 5767 °F
WEL 3459 K 3186 °C 5767 °F
CRC 3186 °C
LNG 3180 °C
76 Os osmium
use 3306 K 3033 °C 5491 °F
WEL 3306 K 3033 °C 5491 °F
CRC 3033 °C
LNG 3045 °C
77 Ir iridium
use 2719 K 2446 °C 4435 °F
WEL 2739 K 2466 °C 4471 °F
CRC 2446 °C
LNG 2447 °C
78 Pt platinum
use 2041.4 K 1768.3 °C 3214.9 °F
WEL 2041.4 K 1768.3 °C 3214.9 °F
CRC 1768.4 °C
LNG 1769 °C
79 Au gold
use 1337.33 K 1064.18 °C 1947.52 °F
WEL 1337.33 K 1064.18 °C 1947.52 °F
CRC 1064.18 °C
LNG 1064.18 °C
freezing point 1337.33 K (1064.18 °C) fixed point on ITS-90
80 Hg mercury
use 234.32 K -38.83 °C -37.89 °F
WEL 234.32 K -38.83 °C -37.89 °F
CRC tp -38.837 °C
LNG -38.83 °C
81 Tl thallium
use 577 K 304 °C 579 °F
WEL 577 K 304 °C 579 °F
CRC 304 °C
LNG 303.5 °C
82 Pb lead
use 600.61 K 327.46 °C 621.43 °F
WEL 600.61 K 327.46 °C 621.43 °F
CRC 327.46 °C
LNG 327.43 °C
83 Bi bismuth
use 544.7 K 271.5 °C 520.7 °F
WEL 544.4 K 271.3 °C 520.3 °F
CRC 271.40 °C
LNG 271.5 °C
84 Po polonium
use 527 K 254 °C 489 °F
WEL 527 K 254 °C 489 °F
CRC 254 °C
LNG 254 °C
85 At astatine
use 575 K 302 °C 576 °F
WEL 575 K 302 °C 576 °F
CRC 302 °C
LNG 302 °C
86 Rn radon
use 202 K -71 °C -96 °F
WEL 202 K -71 °C -96 °F
CRC -71 °C
LNG -71 °C
87 Fr francium
use 300 K 27 °C 80 °F
CRC 27 °C
88 Ra radium
use 973 K 700 °C 1292 °F
WEL 973 K 700 °C 1292 °F
CRC 700 °C
LNG 700.1 °C
89 Ac actinium (Ac-227 ?)
use circa 1323 K circa 1050 °C circa 1922 °F
WEL 1323 K 1050 °C 1922 °F
CRC 1051 °C
LNG (Ac-227) 1050(50) °C
90 Th thorium
use 2115 K 1842 °C 3348 °F
WEL 2115 K 1842 °C 3348 °F
CRC 1750 °C
LNG 1750 °C
91 Pa protactinium
use 1841 K 1568 °C 2854 °F
WEL 1841 K 1568 °C 2854 °F
CRC 1572 °C
92 U uranium
use 1405.3 K 1132.2 °C 2070 °F
WEL 1405.3 K 1132.2 °C 2070 °F
CRC 1135 °C
LNG 1135 °C
93 Np neptunium
use 917 K 644 °C 1191 °F
WEL 910 K 637 °C 1179 °F
CRC 644 °C
LNG 644 °C
94 Pu plutonium
use 912.5 K 639.4 °C 1182.9 °F
WEL 912.5 K 639.4 °C 1182.9 °F
CRC 640 °C
LNG 639.5 °C
95 Am americium
use 1449 K 1176 °C 2149 °F
WEL 1449 K 1176 °C 2149 °F
CRC 1176 °C
LNG 1176 °C
96 Cm curium (Cm-244 ?)
use 1613 K 1340 °C 2444 °F
WEL 1613 K 1340 °C 2444 °F
CRC 1345 °C
LNG (Cm-244) 1340 °C
97 Bk berkelium (alpha)
use 1323 K 1050 °C 1922 °F
CRC 1050 °C
LNG 1050 °C
97 Bk berkelium (beta)
use 1259 K 986 °C 1807 °F
WEL 1259 K 986 °C 1807 °F
CRC 986 °C
LNG 986 °C
98 Cf californium (Cf-252 ?)
use 1173 K 900 °C 1652 °F
WEL 1173 K 900 °C 1652 °F
CRC 900 °C
LNG (Cf-252) 900 °C
99 Es einsteinium
use 1133 K 860 °C 1580 °F
WEL 1133 K 860 °C 1580 °F
CRC 860 °C
LNG 860 °C
100 Fm fermium (Fm-257 ?)
use 1800 K 1527 °C 2781 °F
WEL 1800 K 1527 °C 2781 °F
CRC 1527 °C
LNG (Fm-257) 1527 °C
101 Md mendelevium
use 1100 K 827 °C 1521 °F
WEL 1100 K 827 °C 1521 °F
CRC 827 °C
102 No nobelium
use 1100 K 827 °C 1521 °F
WEL 1100 K 827 °C 1521 °F
CRC 827 °C
103 Lr lawrencium
use 1900 K 1627 °C 2961 °F
WEL 1900 K 1627 °C 2961 °F
CRC 1627 °C
LNG 1627 °C

Notes

  • All values at standard pressure (101.325 kPa) unless noted. Triple point temperature values (marked "tp") are not valid at standard pressure.

See also

References

WEL

As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from these sources:

  • A.M. James and M.P. Lord in Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data, Macmillan, London, UK, 1992.
  • G.W.C. Kaye and T.H. Laby in Tables of physical and chemical constants, Longman, London, UK, 15th edition, 1993.

CRC

As quoted from various sources in an online version of:

  • David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Melting, boiling, and critical temperatures of the elements.

CR2

Melting point data (where different from above) from an online version of:

  • David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Density of Molten Elements and Representative Salts

LNG

As quoted from:

  • J.A. Dean (ed), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 3; Table 3.2 Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds

Wikipedia content modification information:

  • This page was last modified on 28 September 2008, at 22:55.

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