Northampton

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This article is about Northampton in England; for other places of the same name see Northampton (disambiguation)
Northampton Town

Northampton Guildhall, built 1861-4, by E.W. Godwin
Northampton (United Kingdom)
Northampton
Northampton
Geography
Status: Borough
Region: East Midlands
Admin. County: Northamptonshire
Area:
 Total:
Ranked 262nd
80.76 km²
Admin. HQ: Northampton
ONS code: 34UF
Demographics
Population:
 Total (2007 est.):
 Density:
Ranked 68th
202,800
2511 / km²
Ethnicity: 89.5% White
4.2% S.Asian
2.8% Black British
2.0% Mixed Race
1.6% Chinese or other1
Politics
Northampton Borough Council
http://www.northampton.gov.uk/
Leadership: Leader & Cabinet
Executive: Liberal Democrat
MPs: Brian Binley,
Sally Keeble

Northampton (pronunciation ) is a large market town and local government district in the East Midlands region of England. It is about 67 miles (108 km) northwest of London on the River Nene, and is the county town of Northamptonshire.

The district's population is 200,100 and the urban area's 189,474, making Northampton the 21st-largest settlement in England and the UK's 3rd-largest town without official city status, after Reading and Dudley. Northampton is the most populous district in England not a unitary authority, a status it failed to obtain in the 1990s local government reform2. Northampton's population has increased greatly since the 1960s, largely due to planned expansion under the New Towns Commission in the early 1960s.

Contents

Economy

It was a major centre of shoemaking and other leather industries; only specialist shoemaking companies such as Church's 3 and Trickers4, formerly in nearby Earls Barton, survive. A large number of old shoe factories remain, now converted to offices or accommodation, surrounded by terraced houses built for factory workers. Northampton's main private-sector employers are now in distribution and finance rather than manufacturing, and include Avon Products56 , Barclaycard, Nationwide Building Society, Panasonic, Travis Perkins, Coca Cola Schweppes Beverages Ltd, National Grid plc, Texas Instruments and Carlsberg 7. The university is also a major employer.

History

Early history

Remains have been found in the Northampton area dating back to the Iron Age. Farming settlement may have begun in the area around the 7th century. By the 8th century it was an administrative centre for the kingdom of Mercia. The pre-Norman town was known as Hamtun and was quite small of only ca.60 acres.

Medieval

The town became significant in the 11th century, when the Normans built town walls and a large castle under the stewardship of the Norman earl, Simon de Senlis.8 The original defence line of the walls is preserved in today's street pattern (Bridge St, The Drapery, Bearward St and Scarletwell Street). The town grew rapidly after the Normans arrived, and beyond the early defences. By the time of the Domesday Book, the town had a population of about 1500 residents, living in 300 houses.

The town and its castle were important in the early 12th century and the King often held Court in the town. During his famous fall out with Henry II, Thomas Becket at one time escaped from Northampton Castle through the unguarded Northern gate to flee the country,

Northampton had a large Jewish population in the 13th century, centred around Gold Street. In 1277 300 Jews were executed, allegedly for clipping the King's coin, and the Jews of Northampton were driven out of the town.

The town was originally controlled by officials acting for the King who collected taxes and upheld the law. In 1189 King Richard I gave the town its first charter. In 1215 King John authorised the appointment of William Tilly as the town's first Mayor and ordered that: 'twelve of the better and more discreet residents of the town join him as a council to assist him' . In 1176 the Assize of Northampton laid down new powers for dealing with law breakers.

A university was established in 1261 by scholars fleeing Cambridge. It briefly flourished, but was dissolved by Henry III in 1265 owing to the threat it posed to Oxford.

The first Battle of Northampton took place at the site of Northampton Castle in 1264 - when the forces of Henry III overran the supporters of Simon de Montfort. In 1460, a second Battle of Northampton took place in the grounds of Delapre Abbey - and was a decisive battle of the Wars of the Roses, and King Henry VI was captured in the town by the Yorkists.

In May 1328 the Treaty of Northampton was signed - being a peace treaty between the English and the Scots in which Edward III recognised the authority of Robert the Bruce as King of Scotland and betrothed Bruce's still infant son to the king's sister Joanna.

A large network of medieval tunnels remain under the centre around All Saints church.

Civil War to 1900

Northampton supported the Parliamentarians during the English Civil War. For this reason the town walls and castle were later torn down on the orders of King Charles II as punishment. The railway station in Northampton stands on the site of the former castle, and used to be called "Northampton Castle Station".

The town was destroyed by fire in both 1516 and 1675 (for the latter see Great Fire of Northampton), and was rebuilt as a spacious and well-planned town. In the 18th century Northampton became a major centre of footwear and leather manufacture. The prosperity of the town was greatly aided by demand for footwear caused by the Napoleonic Wars of the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

In his 18th century, "A Tour through the Whole Island of Great Britain", Daniel Defoe described Northampton as, "...the handsomest town in all this part of England."

Northampton's growth was accelerated in the 19th century, first by the Grand Union Canal, which reached the town in 1815 and later the coming of the railways. The first railway to be built into Northampton was a branch from the main London-Birmingham line at Blisworth to Peterborough through Northampton which opened in 1845. This was followed by lines to Market Harborough (1859) and Bedford (1872). The Northampton loop off the major West Coast Main Line was built into Northampton in the late 1870s.

Over the coming centuries the town continued to grow rapidly; after 1850 the town spilled out beyond the old town walls and began the growth we see today. in 1800 the population was round 7,000 and this had grown to 87,000 a century later.

In the 19th century Northampton acquired a reputation for political radicalism when the radical non-conformist Charles Bradlaugh was elected on several occasions as the town's MP.

20th Century

Growth after 1900 slowed until the 1960s. The shoe industry declined and other employment was slow to arrive. In the 1920s and 30's, council houses were built in the east of the town at Headlands; north at St Davids; and south in Far Cotton. The Borough boundary, first extended in 1900, expanded again in 1932. The population grew to 100,000 by 1961 and 130,000 by 1971. Northampton was designated a New Town in 1968, and the Northampton Development Corporation (NDC) was set up to almost double the size of the town, with a population target of 230,000 by 1981, rising to 260,000 in later years. In 1959 the M1 motorway was opened nearby. Growth was slower than planned. The 1960s and 70's saw the town centre change with development of a new bus station, the Grosvenor Shopping Centre, flats and hotels. By 1981 the population was 156,000. When NDC wound up after 20 years, another 40,000 residents and 20,000 houses had been added. The borough boundaries changed in 1974 with the abolition of Northampton county borough and its reconstitution as a non-metropolitan district also covering areas outside the former borough boundaries but inside the designated New Town.

Music in the 20th century

In the 1960s The Deco was an ABC cinema. The Beatles appeared there twice on stage in 1963, on Wednesday, 27 March as part of the Tommy Roe/Chris Montez Tour9. Montez commented "Who are these guys The Beatles? I try to keep up with the British scene, but I don't know their work"9. The Beatles were back on Wednesday, 6 November, in their own right and on their own Tour.

Northampton Development Corporation made a single released by EMI: "60 Miles by Road or Rail" by Linda Jardim (also a vocalist on Buggles' "Video Killed the Radio Star") in an attempt to generate publicity for the town. Sixty miles is the approximate distance to London. The B-side was "Energy in Northampton", about extraterrestrials choosing Northampton as a landing site. Neither song was popular; a copy is kept at the town's museum.

21st Century

Another major expansion is planned with the population projected to increase to 300,000 inhabitants by 2018.

Northampton asked, unsuccessfully, for city status as a part of the 'millennium cities' scheme.1011 However, the University of Northampton was established in 2005 after several years as a University College and previously Nene College.

Expansion

Northampton's population has increased greatly since the 1960s, largely due to planned expansion under the New Towns Commission in the early-1960s. Other factors are the rail link and the busy M1 motorway that both lead direct to London. Northampton is within 70 miles of central London, and by train it takes approximately 1 hour to journey between the two. This transport link to the South East has proved attractive, with already high house prices in and around London rising rapidly since the 1990s causing many people to move increasingly further away from the area in order to commute from more reasonably priced housing.

Most of Northampton's housing expansion has taken place to the east of the town with developments such as the 1970s eastern district estates built mainly for the London overflow population and recently, on the western outskirts at Upton and to the south adjacent to an improved junction on the M1 at Grange Park, a development of some 1,500 houses actually in South Northants Council area.

Since 2006 Northampton is in a government designated expansion zone. This new wave of development is being overseen by the West Northamptonshire Development Corporation (WNDC). A goal is the development of up to 37,000 new dwellings within the borough and necessary infrastructure and services.

Expansion has already started with new roads and housing developments in West Northampton at Upton and St Crispins (2007). A lot of the expansion will be on brownfield sites such as Ransome Road, Far Cotton (an inner suburb) and within the existing borough boundaries. The WNDC will also oversee the redevelopment of Central Northampton into a primary regional centre that will service the expanded population, that will be comparable to UK cities such as Coventry and Nottingham with a population of approx 300,000 by 2018-2021.

Government and politics

Northampton is administered by both Northampton Borough Council, from May 2007 for the first time run by the Liberal Democrats, and also Northamptonshire County Council. From 2005 this has been controlled by the Conservative Party. The Borough Council runs services such as housing, waste collection and smaller planning items in the Borough. The County Council looks after social services, education and libraries in the whole county. Since April 2006 major planning decisions such as large housing schemes and new roads have been the responsibility of West Northamptonshire Development Corporation (WNDC), an appointed body.

Northampton is represented in Parliament by two MPs:

Both of these constituency boundaries change significantly from the next General Election after 2005 with the creation of a new constituency of Northamptonshire South which takes a large chunk of the Northampton borough area (see external link to election maps).

Transport

Northampton is near junctions 15, 15a and 16 of the M1 London to North Yorkshire motorway. The A45 and A43 can be accessed by a partially completed ring road. The A14 is close by to the north.

Northampton railway station is on the Northampton Loop of the West Coast Main Line, and has regular services to London and Birmingham provided by London Midland. Virgin Trains also provide some services to London and the north, with a small number of Pendolinos running each day.

Sywell Aerodrome is the nearest airfield but still has a grass runway only. A concrete runway for jet aircraft is planned. For international links, East Midlands Airport and Luton Airport are quickly accessible by the M1, and Birmingham International Airport is accessible by train.

In the town, buses are by Stagecoach, First Group and MK Metro (Arriva) and with typical wait times of 10-30 minutes. Stagecoach provide travel to outlying villages and towns during the day. National Express cover major routes to other towns. There are good links to Daventry, Wellingborough, Rushden, Kettering, Corby and Market Harborough.

Northampton is the terminus of an arm of the Grand Union Canal. The arm connects to the River Nene and from that to the River Great Ouse and the North Sea. No longer used for freight, the waterway is still a popular leisure pursuit for narrowboats. Principal outlying villages on the canal include Gayton, Blisworth, Braunston and Stoke Bruerne.

Education

Until 2004 the county operated a three-tier system involving lower, middle and upper schools. The controversial move to a two-tier system was announced in 2001, with the aim of improving educational standards.12 A complete list of Primary and Secondary Schools in the town and surrounding area is available on the County Council website13.

Independent Schools

Independent government reports on all schools can be obtained from the OFSTED website14.

Secondary Schools

Northampton School for Boys became the top performing comprehensive school in the country in 2007.20

For a complete list see the NCC site.13

University

Leisure

Market Square from top of the Grosvenor Centre in 2008

Formal parks21 include: Abington Park; The Racecourse, home in summer to the Balloon Festival and originally used for horse-racing until 1904; Delapre Park; Bradlaugh Fields; Becket's Park, named after Thomas Becket as are nearby Becket's Well and Thomas á Becket pub. There is a park around an Iron Age fort in West Hunsbury.

Billing Aquadrome leisure park is on the eastern outskirts with a caravan site, marina, funfair, bar, riverside restaurant and converted water mill with original workings. Other smaller ones are Thorntons Park and Victoria Park.

The main shopping centre is the Grosvenor Centre built in the 1970s. The town has one of Britain's largest market squares, dating from 1235. Outside the centre the Weston Favell Centre built in the 1970s is in the eastern district together with various out of town retail and leisure parks.

Contemporary culture

The Derngate and Royal theatres are located in Guildhall Road, opposite Northampton Museum and Art Gallery. They were renovated and reopened in 2006, at a cost of £15 million. The Deco is a 900-seat theatre/conference centre based on the Grade-II listed former Cannon Cinema, in Abington Square used mainly by the voluntary and charitable sector. The Deco was restored by the Jesus Army as part of their Jesus Centre project.

The Deco and the Northampton Jesus Centre share a Grade II listed Art Deco building, formerly the Cannon cinema
Northampton Market

Northampton Museum and Art Gallery has a world-class collection of historical footwear, and also Italian art, glass and ceramics, plus visiting exhibitions and local history. There is also a smaller historical museum in a former mansion within Abington Park.

The old Fishmarket, opposite the market square, has been renovated by the NAC (Arts Collective). As The Fishmarket Gallery it now has three art gallery spaces, retail units, a cafe, and an arts studio. Since it re-opened it has played host to exhibitions by nationally recognised artists and stages live music, community events and workshops.

An independent contemporary arts gallery is The Sanctuary, funded by the Arts Council, and also offers eight studios. There is also the Avenue Gallery at the Avenue campus of Northampton University. Northamptonshire runs an annual county-wide Open Studios event in which artists' studios are open to the public.

The University is spending £3m on its Portfolio Innovation Centre, and by early 2009 it will be home to up to 45 creative freelancers, digital media developers, and designers.

Two commercial cinemas are also located in the town: Vue (formerly UCI) at Sol Central, Cineworld (formerly UGC, Virgin Cinema and MGM) at Sixfields. There is also the subsidised Forum Cinema at Lings Forum, showing art-house and subtitled films.

Music venues are aplenty with many local venues providing events, for example; Molly's Bar, The Penny-Whistle, The Romany, The Racehorse and The Black Cat Jazz Bar. Until the removal of council funding caused its closure and liquidation, the Northampton Roadmender was a leading venue alongside the Soundhaus (closed mid-2008) for live music in the region. The Roadmender has since been brought by the Purplehaus group [1] and recently reopened as a venue for live popular music.

The market square and surrounding streets hosted a St Crispin Street Fair from 1993-2005, but it was dropped after complaints from market traders.

Sport

The town is home to Premiership Rugby union club Northampton Saints, who play at Franklin's Gardens in the St James area. "The Saints" had its greatest moment when it won the Heineken Cup in 2000 at Twickenham, beating Munster 9-8. There are also a number of "Junior" rugby clubs in the area, the most successful of these at producing young players is Northampton Old Scouts RFC who have produced Ben Cohen (rugby player) and Steve Thompson amongst others.

League One football club Northampton Town, known as "The Cobblers" from the town's shoemaking background, are based at Sixfields Stadium. There is an athletics track adjacent to the ground. There are also three non-league clubs in the United Counties Football League: Northampton Spencer; Northampton Sileby Rangers; and Northampton Old Northamptonian Chenecks.

Northamptonshire County Cricket Club, known in limited overs cricket as "The Steelbacks", play at the County Ground, in the Abington area.

Nene Whitewater Centre provides an artificial whitewater course for canoes, kayaks and rafts.

Northampton Swimming Club trained the young Olympic swimmer Caitlin McClatchey.

Collingtree Golf Club, which hosted the British Masters in 1995.

Northampton International Raceway near Brafield is a leading venue for stock-car racing and hosts the European Championships every July.

Notable buildings

Interior of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre
  • Northampton's oldest standing building, the Church of The Holy Sepulchre, is one of the largest and best-preserved round churches in England. It was built in 1100 on the orders of the first Earl of Northampton, Simon de Senlis, who had just returned from the first Crusade. It is based on a plan of the original Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.
  • The current All Saints' Church was built on the site of a great Norman church, All Hallows, which was almost completely destroyed by the Fire of Northampton in 1675. All that remained was the medieval tower and the fine vaulted crypt, but by 1680 All Saints had been rebuilt, with the help of donations from all over England, including 1,000 tons of timber from King Charles II, whose statue can be seen above the portico. Famously, the poet John Clare liked to sit beneath the portico of the church.
All Saints' Church in central Northampton
  • The Guildhall in Northampton (see picture at top) was constructed mostly in the 1860s in Victorian Gothic architecture, and extended in the 1990s. It is built on the site of the old town hall.
  • 78 Derngate contains an interior designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh for Wenman Joseph Bassett-Lowke and is the only major domestic commission outside Scotland. It is open to the public.
  • The 127.45 metre tall Express Lift Tower is a dominant feature in the area. Terry Wogan conducted a radio phone-in during the 1980s to come up with a name for it: "Northampton Lighthouse" was suggested as Northampton is one of the furthest places from the sea. It is also known as the "Cobblers' Needle". It was built to facilitate the testing of new lifts at the Express Lifts factory. It is visible from most of the town, but is now redundant. The tower has however been listed as being of architectural importance in the town.
Express Lift Tower
  • Northampton Castle (now only remaining as a rebuilt postern gate in a wall outside the railway station and the hill on which it stood) was for many years one of the country's most important castles. The country's parliament sat here many times and Thomas Becket was imprisoned here until he escaped.
  • The Carlsberg UK brewery is located in the town.
  • Delapre Abbey – former Cluniac nunnery, founded by Simon de Senlis - later the County Records Office and site of the second Battle of Northampton.
  • Queen Eleanor's body rested here on its way to London – and the nearby Eleanor cross at Hardingstone commemorates this. The Cross is also referred to in Daniel Defoe's a "Tour through the whole island of Great Britain" where he describes the Great Fire of Northampton, "...a townsman being at Queen's Croos upon a hill on the south side of the town, about two miles off, saw the fire at one end of the town then newly begun, and that before he could get to the town it was burning at the remotest end, opposite where he first saw it."
  • The town's Greyfriars Bus Station, built in the 1970s to replace the old Derngate station, was featured on Channel 4's Demolition programme and was cited as the ugliest transport station in the UK, and it was suggested worthy of demolition.
    Medieval cellars at Northampton & County Club see Northampton's tunnels
  • Northampton & County Club, established in 1873, was the old county hospital before becoming a private members' club; the cellars are medieval.

Other notable church buildings include: St Edmunds, closed 1978 and demolished 2007 with the bells now in Wellington Cathedral, New Zealand; St Giles; St Matthew's, built 1893[2]; Cathedral of Our Lady Immaculate & St Thomas of Canterbury, the mother church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Northampton and seat of the Bishop of Northampton.

Related towns

Twin Towns Marburg, in Hessen, Germany; 75,000 inhabitants. Has links with the brothers Grimm and one of the oldest universities in Germany; Poitiers, Vienne, south-west France 100,000 inhabitants.

US towns with the same name in several east coast states include: Maryland, Massachusetts, New York , North Carolina, Pennsylvania and Virginia.

Notable residents

Modern
Historical
Musical

Media

Newspapers The Northampton Chronicle and Echo is the town's only paid-for newspaper. It is published Monday to Saturday each week and has a daily circulation of approximately 21,000 copies.26 Newspapers issued free of charge, but with a town circulation only, are The Mercury (Thursday) and Northants on Sunday, both from the publishers of the Chronicle & Echo, and the Herald and Post (Thursday). These free papers tend to be mostly advertising media with limited news coverage.

Radio Two stations are based in the town and broadcast county-wide. BBC Radio Northampton27 broadcasts news, topical items and some music, switching to a regional network after 7pm. A commercial station, Northants 96, broadcasts mostly popular music.

Regional TV news is broadcast on the BBC East (terrestrial and satellite) with a main programme, BBC Look East, and on ITV's Anglia News. From 1999-2004, Northants TV (NTV) on cable and later terrestrial showed local ads, sport, and limited local activities.

Film and TV Northampton was the town location in the BBC's Keeping Up Appearances from 1990-1995. Parts of the 2005 film Kinky Boots were made in Northampton and featured shots of the statue outside the Grosvenor Centre in the Town Centre and inside RE Tricker's 4 shoe factory in St. Michaels Road representing the original factory, in Earls Barton.

References

  1. ^ "Office for National Statistics (Northampton Area)".
  2. ^ "BBC News". Retrieved on 2008-04-02.
  3. ^ Church's English Shoes
  4. ^ a b "RE Trickers Limited". Retrieved on 2008-05-21.
  5. ^ 'Avon New European HQ to Open Autumn 2009' Northampton Chronicle & Echo report
  6. ^ Avon cease manufacturing in Northampton - BBC report 2003
  7. ^ English Partnerships
  8. ^ "Northampton Castle", The Gatehouse
  9. ^ a b Harry, Bill (2000). The Beatles Encyclopaedia (2000 paperback edition; first published 1992). London: Virgin Publishing, London W6 9HA. pp. Pages 9 and 776. ISBN 0 7535 0481 2. 
  10. ^ "Millennium city leak angers bookies". BBC (2000-03-07). Retrieved on 2008-10-15.
  11. ^ "City winners named". BBC (2000-12-18). Retrieved on 2008-10-15.
  12. ^ BBC News | EDUCATION | Parents' concern over school closures
  13. ^ a b "Northamptonshire Schools Directory". Retrieved on 2008-03-31.
  14. ^ "Ofsted Inspection Reports". Retrieved on 2008-03-31.
  15. ^ "Charity Commission investigation following allegations about the way the school is run - Northampton Chronicle & Echo Report of 26 September 2008". Retrieved on 2008-10-05.
  16. ^ "OFSTED has been asked to visit St Peter's Independent School following a complaint - Northampton Chronicle & Echo Report of 5 September 2008". Retrieved on 2008-10-05.
  17. ^ "St Peter's Independent School official website". Retrieved on 2008-10-05.
  18. ^ "Independent school ordered to take actionn - Northampton Chronicle & Echo Report of 17 October 2008". Retrieved on 2008-10-17.
  19. ^ "St Peter's Independent School OFSTED report 2008". Retrieved on 2008-10-17.
  20. ^ "Five-star performance by NSB's A-level students", Newspaper, Chronicle & Echo (2008-08-14). Retrieved on 12 October 2008. 
  21. ^ "Northampton parks and gardens: County Council website". Retrieved on 2008-05-24.
  22. ^ "Tutti Frutti has room for all sorts - Daily Telegraph report 13 September 2007". Retrieved on 2008-10-05.
  23. ^ "Alan Carr book Launch - Chronicle & Echo report 1 October 2008". Retrieved on 2008-10-05.
  24. ^ "Diana, Princess of Wales - Northamptonshire's most famous daughter - BBC News". Retrieved on 2008-09-28.
  25. ^ "Royal Pioneer Corps, guard of honour for visit of Prince & Prices of Wales, 1989, when Diana received Freedom of the Borough". Retrieved on 2008-10-07.
  26. ^ "Press Gazette". Retrieved on 2008-08-01.
  27. ^ "BBC Radio Northampton BBC Radio Northampton". Retrieved on 2008-04-02.

See also


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