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Northumbrian, also known as Ynglis and Inglis, is a dialect of the Old English language spoken in the Angle Kingdom of Northumbria. Together with Mercian it was one of the two Anglian dialects introduced by the Angles. The other two dialects of Old English were Kentish and West Saxon.
The dialect was spoken from the Humber, now within England, to the Firth of Forth, now within Scotland. During the Viking invasions of the 9th century, Northumbrian came under the influence of the languages of the Viking invaders.
The Viking invasion forced the dialect to split in two. The southern Northumbrian dialect was heavily influenced by Norse. The northern Northumbrian dialect not only retained a lot of the Old English words (replaced in the south by Norse words) but was also a strong influence on the development of the English language in northern England, especially the dialects of modern North east England and Scotland.
The north-south split was around the Tees river.
The Lord's Prayer
Examples of the first English literature include Christ's Prayer in Old English from c. 650, which begins "Faeder ure, Thu the eart on heofonum,". Some Scottish and Northumbrian folk still say /uːr 'feðər/ or /uːr 'fɪðər/"our father" and [ðu: e:rt] "thou art".1
FADER USÆR ðu arðin heofnu
Sie gehalgad NOMA ÐIN.
Tocymeð RÍC ÐIN.
Sie WILLO ÐIN
suæ is in heofne and in eorðo.
HLAF USERNE of'wistlic sel ús todæg,
and f'gef us SCYLDA USRA,
suæ uoe f'gefon SCYLDGUM USUM.
And ne inlæd usih in costunge,
ah is in heofne and in eorðo.
Other examples of this dialect are the Runes on the Ruthwell Cross from the Dream of the Rood.
Modern Northumbrian
The best examples of modern Northumbrian can be found in the dialects of the traditional counties of Northumberland and County Durham, or more specifically the Geordie and Mackem dialects where many words are still retained. Another would be the Scots Language as spoken in southern Scotland.
Notes
- ^ Gray, Alasdair, The Book of Prefaces, Bloomsbury Publishing, London 2000 (2002 edition) ISBN 0-7475-5912-0
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- This page was last modified on 18 September 2008, at 00:55.
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