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Basic Latin alphabet
Aa Bb Cc Dd   Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv   Ww Xx Yy Zz

R is the eighteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ar (IPA: /ɑr/; pronounced [ɑː] or [ɑɹ]).¹

Contents 1 History 1.1 Minuscule 2 Various phonetic realizations of R 3 Codes for computing 4 Dog's Letter 5 See also 6 References

History

Egyptian hieroglyph tp	Proto-Semitic R	Phoenician R	Etruscan R	Greek Rho	Later Etruscan R

The original Semitic letter was probably inspired by an Egyptian hieroglyph for "head", pronounced t-p in Egyptian, but it was used for /r/ by Semites because in their language, the word for "head" was Rêš (also the name of the letter). It developed into Greek Ρ ῥῶ (Rhô) and Latin R. It is likely that some Etruscan and Western Greek forms of the letter added the extra stroke to distinguish it from a later form of the letter P.

Minuscule

The minuscule (lower-case) form of r developed through several variations on the capital form. In handwriting it was common not to close the bottom of the loop but continue into the leg, saving an extra pen stroke. The loop-leg stroke shortened into the simple arc used today.

Another minuscule, r rotunda, kept the loop-leg stroke but dropped the vertical stroke. It fell out of use around the 18th century.

Various phonetic realizations of R

See rhotic consonant, r-colored vowel, and guttural R for discussion of the family of 'r' sounds.

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, [r] represents the alveolar trill sound. Other languages may use the letter r in their alphabets (or Latin transliterations schemes) to represent rhotic consonants different from the alveolar trill. In Haitian Creole, it is represents a sound so weak that it is often written interchangeably with w, eg. Kweyol for Kreyol. This sound can also change in a language perceptibly over time; the alveolar trill of British English is more characteristic of 19th / early 20th century speech and is associated with older speakers, while younger Britons have been known for a much weaker 'r' since at least the 1980s^{citation needed}.

Alveolar trill [r]	Listen	Arabic, Armenian, Bulgarian, some dialects of British English or in emphatic speech, Finnish, German in some dialects, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese in emphatic male speech, Lithuanian, Latin, Norwegian, Polish, Catalan, Romanian, Russian, Scots, Spanish and Albanian 'rr', Swedish, Welsh, in standard Dutch
Alveolar approximant [ɹ]	Listen	English (most varieties), Dutch in some Dutch dialects (in specific positions of words), Faroese
Alveolar flap / Alveolar tap [ɾ]	Listen	Greek, Hindi 'र', Portuguese, Catalan, Spanish and Albanian 'r', Turkish, Italian
Alveolar lateral flap [ɺ]	Listen	Japanese
Voiced retroflex fricative [ʐ]	Listen	Mandarin as an allophone, Spanish used as an allophone of [r] in some South American accents.
Retroflex approximant [ɻ]	Listen	some varieties of American English, Mandarin as an allophone
Retroflex flap [ɽ]	Listen	Hindi 'ड़', sometimes Scottish English
Uvular trill [ʀ]	Listen	German stage standard, French; Dutch in Belgium and some Dutch dialects, Swedish in Southern Sweden
Voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]	Listen	German, Danish, French in and around Paris, Modern Hebrew, Portuguese

Codes for computing

In Unicode the capital R is codepoint U+0052 and the lower case r is U+0072.

The ASCII code for capital R is 82 and for lowercase r is 114; or in binary 01010010 and 01110010, correspondingly.

The EBCDIC code for capital R is 217 and for lowercase r is 153.

The numeric character references in HTML and XML are "R" and "r" for upper and lower case respectively.

Dog's Letter

The letter R is sometimes referred to as the littera canina (canine letter). This phrase has Latin origins: the Latin R was trilled so it sounds like a snarling dog. A good example of a trilling R is the Spanish word for dog: perro. ² In Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare makes reference to R being the dog's letter in Act 2 Scene 4, when Juliet's nurse calls the letter R "The dog's name".

See also

Р, р - Er (Cyrillic) Ρ, ρ or ϱ - Rho (Greek) Я, я - (Cyrillic Ya)

Raidô Vocalic r

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: R

References

The Letter "R"
General:	The letter R · Rhotic consonants (R-like sounds) · Rhotic and non-rhotic accents · R-colored vowels · Guttural R · Linking R and Intrusive R
Pronunciations:	Alveolar trill [r] · Alveolar approximant [ɹ] · Alveolar tap [ɾ] · Alveolar lateral flap [ɺ] ·Retroflex approximant [ɻ] · Retroflex flap [ɽ] ·Uvular trill [ʀ] ·Voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]
Variations:	R rotunda · Ɍɍ (R with stroke) · Ʀʀ · Ȑȑ · Ŕŕ · Ŗŗ · Řř · Ȓȓ · Ṙṙ · Ṛṛ · Ṝṝ · Ṟṟ · Rd · Rh · Rl · Rn · Rr · Rt · Rnd · ᚱ (Raidô) · ℛ (Riemann integral) · ℜ (Real part) · ℝ (Real number) · ® (Registered trademark symbol) · Ⓡ (Enclosed R)

The ISO basic Latin alphabet
Aa	Bb	Cc	Dd	Ee	Ff	Gg	Hh	Ii	Jj	Kk	Ll	Mm	Nn	Oo	Pp	Qq	Rr	Ss	Tt	Uu	Vv	Ww	Xx	Yy	Zz
Letter R with diacritics ŔŕŘřṘṙŖŗȐȑȒȓṚṛṜṝṞṟɌɍⱤɽᵲᶉɼɾᵳ Two-letter combinations Ra Rb Rc Rd Re Rf Rg Rh Ri Rj Rk Rl Rm Rn Ro Rp Rq Rr Rs Rt Ru Rv Rw Rx Ry Rz RA RB RC RD RE RF RG RH RI RJ RK RL RM RN RO RP RQ RR RS RT RU RV RW RX RY RZ Letter-digit & Digit-letter combinations     R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9     0R 1R 2R 3R 4R 5R 6R 7R 8R 9R     history • palaeography • derivations • diacritics • punctuation • numerals • Unicode • list of letters

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• This page was last modified on 7 November 2008, at 17:40.

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