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| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | TXNRD1 |
| Entrez | 7296 |
| HUGO | 12437 |
| OMIM | 601112 |
| RefSeq | NM_003330 |
| UniProt | Q16881 |
| Other data | |
| EC number | 1.8.1.9 |
| Locus | Chr. 12 q23-q24.1 |
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thioredoxin reductase 2
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| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | TXNRD2 |
| Entrez | 10587 |
| HUGO | 18155 |
| OMIM | 606448 |
| RefSeq | NM_006440 |
| UniProt | Q9NNW7 |
| Other data | |
| EC number | 1.8.1.9 |
| Locus | Chr. 22 q11.21 |
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thioredoxin reductase 3
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| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | TXNRD3 |
| Entrez | 114112 |
| HUGO | 20667 |
| OMIM | 606235 |
| RefSeq | XM_051264 |
| UniProt | Q86VQ6 |
| Other data | |
| EC number | 1.8.1.9 |
| Locus | Chr. 3 p13-q13.33 |
Thioredoxin Reductase (TR, TrxR) (EC 1.8.1.9) are the only known enzymes to reduce thioredoxin (Trx).1
Contents |
Diversity
All known kingdom of organisms contain thioredoxin reductase. Two types of thioredoxin reductase evolved independently:
- prokaryotes, archaea and most plants have one type.
- higher eukaryotes and some plants contain a different one that contains selenocysteine.
Three TRs exist in animals: TR1, TR3, and TGR. Both TR12 and TR33 are essential proteins for mouse embryogenesis.
Clinical significance
Since the activity of this enzyme is essential for cell growth and survival, it is a good target for anti-tumor therapy. Furthermore, the enzyme is upregulated in several types of cancer, including malignant mesothelioma45
For example, motexafin gadolinium (MGd) is a new chemotherapeutic agent that selectively targets tumor cells, leading to cell death and apoptosis via inhibition of thioredoxin reductase and ribonucleotide reductase.6
References
- ^ Mustacich D, Powis G. "Thioredoxin reductase". Biochem J 346 Pt 1: 1–8. PMID 10657232, http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=10657232.
- ^ Jakupoglu C, Przemeck G, Schneider M et al. (2005). "Cytoplasmic thioredoxin reductase is essential for embryogenesis but dispensable for cardiac development". Mol. Cell. Biol. 25 (5): 1980–8. doi:. PMID 15713651.
- ^ Conrad M, Jakupoglu C, Moreno S et al. (2004). "Essential role for mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase in hematopoiesis, heart development, and heart function". Mol. Cell. Biol. 24 (21): 9414–23. doi:. PMID 15485910.
- ^ Nilsonne G, Sun X, Nyström C, Rundlöf A-K, Fernandes A, Björnstedt M and Dobra K. (2006). "Selenite induces apoptosis in sarcomatoid malignant mesothelioma cells through oxidative stress". Free Rad. Biol. Med. 41 (6): 874-85. doi:. PMID 16934670.
- ^ Kahlos K, Soini Y, Säily M, Koistinen P, Kakko S, Pääkkö P, Holmgren A, Kinnula VL. (2001). "Up-regulation of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase in human malignant pleural mesothelioma". Int. J. Cancer. 95 (3): 198-204. doi:. PMID 11307155.
- ^ Hashemy S, Ungerstedt J, Zahedi Avval F, Holmgren A (2006). "Motexafin gadolinium, a tumor-selective drug targeting thioredoxin reductase and ribonucleotide reductase". J. Biol. Chem. 281 (16): 10691–7. doi:. PMID 16481328.
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Wikipedia content modification information:
- This page was last modified on 4 November 2008, at 14:50.
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