This MedLibrary.org supplementary page on Viremia is provided directly from the open source Wikipedia as a service to our readers. Please see the note below on authorship of this content, as well as the Wikipedia usage guidelines. To search for other content from our encyclopedia supplement, please use the form below:
Related Sponsors
| ICD-10 | |
|---|---|
| ICD-9 | 790.8 |
| MeSH | D014766 |
Viremia (UK: viraemia) is a medical condition where viruses enter the bloodstream and hence have access to the rest of the body. It is similar to bacteremia, a condition where bacteria enter the bloodstream.1
Contents |
Primary versus Secondary
Primary viremia refers to the initial spread of virus in the blood from the first site of infection.
Secondary viremia occurs when primary viremia has resulted in infection of additional tissues via bloodstream, in which the virus has replicated and once more entered the circulation.
Usually secondary viremia results in higher viral shedding and viral loads within the bloodstream due to the possibility that the virus is able to reach its natural host cell from the bloodstream and replicate more efficiently than the initial site2. An excellent example to profile this distinction is the rabies virus3. Usually the virus will replicate briefly within the first site of say the bite of a rabid dog, within the muscle tissues. Viral replication then leads to viremia and the virus spreads to its secondary site of infection, the CNS. Upon infection of the CNS, secondary viremia results and symptoms usually begin4. Vaccination at this point is useless, as the spread to the brain, leading to death, is unstoppable (the only clinical exception is Jeanna Giese). Hence vaccination must be done before secondary viremia takes place for the individual to be saved.
Active versus Passive
Active viremia is caused by the replication of viruses which results in viruses being introduced into the bloodstream. Examples include the measles, in which primary viremia occurs in the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract before replicating and budding out the cell basal layer, resulting in viruses budding into capillaries and blood vessels5 .
Passive viremia is the introduction of viruses in the bloodstream without the need of active viral replication. Examples include direct inoculation from mosquitoes, through physical breaches or via blood transfusions6.
See also
References
- ^ Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed. ed.), McGraw Hill. pp. 881. ISBN 0838585299.
- ^ Cerino A, Bissolati M, Cividini A, Nicosia A, Esumi M, Hayashi N, Mizuno K, Slobbe R, Oudshoorn P, Silini E, Asti M, Mondelli MU. "Antibody responses to the hepatitis C virus E2 protein: relationship to viraemia and prevalence in anti-HCV seronegative subjects." J Med Virol. 1997 Jan;51(1):1-5.
- ^ Lodmell DL, Dimcheff DE, Ewalt LC. "Viral RNA in the bloodstream suggests viremia occurs in clinically ill rabies-infected mice." Virus Res. 2006 Mar;116(1-2):114-8. Epub 2005 Oct 19.
- ^ Gribencha SV, Barinsky IF. "Viraemia in rabies." Acta Virol. 1982 Jul;26(4):301.
- ^ Mulupuri P, Zimmerman JJ, Hermann J, Johnson CR, Cano JP, Yu W, Dee SA, Murtaugh MP. "Antigen-Specific B-cell Responses to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection." J Virol. 2007 Oct 17
- ^ Lai CJ, Goncalvez AP, Men R, Wernly C, Donau O, Engle RE, Purcell RH. "Epitope determinants of a chimpanzee dengue virus type 4 (DENV-4)-neutralizing antibody and protection against DENV-4 challenge in mice and rhesus monkeys by passively transferred humanized antibody." J Virol. 2007 Dec;81(23):12766-74. Epub 2007 Sep 19.
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Wikipedia content modification information:
- This page was last modified on 9 November 2008, at 19:23.
Wikipedia Authorship and Review
Wikipedia content provided here is not reviewed directly by MedLibrary.org. Wikipedia content is authored by an open community of volunteers and is not produced by or in any way affiliated with MedLibrary.org.
Wikipedia Usage Guidelines
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article on "Viremia".
The URL for this specific entry is:
All Wikipedia text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details). Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.