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| IPA – number | 140 |
| IPA – text | x |
| IPA – image |  |
| Entity | x |
| X-SAMPA | x |
| Kirshenbaum | x |
| Sound sample | |
The voiceless velar fricative, informally known as the hard ch, is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is x, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is x. The [x] sound was part of the consonant inventory of Old English and can still be found in some dialects of English.
Contents |
Features
Features of the voiceless velar fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is velar which means it is articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the velum).
- Its phonation type is voiceless, which means the vocal cords are not vibrating during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.
Varieties of [x]
| IPA | Description |
|---|---|
| x | plain velar fricative |
| xʷ | labialized |
| x’ | ejective |
| xʷ’ | ejective labialized |
| x̜ʷ | semi-labialized |
| x̹ʷ | strongly labialized |
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | goed | [xuˑt] | 'well' | ||
| Aleut | Atkan dialect | alax | [ɑlɑx] | 'two' | |
| Angor | hombo | [xombo] | 'to walk' | ||
| Arabic | خضراء | [xadˤraːʔ] | 'green (f)' | See Arabic phonology | |
| Assamese | অসমীয়া | [ɔxɔmija] | 'Assamese' | ||
| Avar | чeхь | [tʃex] | 'belly' | ||
| Azerbaijani | xoş | [xoʃ] | 'pleasant' | ||
| Bulgarian | тихо | [tixɔ] | 'quietly' | ||
| Chinese | Mandarin | 河/hé | [xɤ˧˥] | 'river' | See Standard Mandarin |
| Croatian | Hrvatski | [xř̩ʋaːtskiː] | 'Croatian' | ||
| Czech | chlap | [xlap] | 'guy' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dutch | Belgian Dutch1 | acht | [ɑxt] | 'eight' | See Dutch phonology |
| English | Scottish | loch | [lɔx] | 'loch' | See English phonology |
| Esperanto | monaĥo | [monaxo] | 'monk' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Eyak | duxł | [tʊxɬ] | 'traps' | ||
| Georgian2 | ჯოხი | [ˈdʒɔxi] | 'stick' | ||
| German | Kuchen | [kuːxən] | 'cake' | See German phonology | |
| Greek | χαρά | [xaˈra] | 'joy' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hungarian | sahhal | [ʃɒxːɒl] | 'with a shah' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Hebrew | אוכל | [oxel] | 'eat' | See Hebrew phonology | |
| Irish | deoch | [dʲɔ̝̈x] | 'drink' | See Irish phonology | |
| Lithuanian | choras | [xoras] | 'chorus' | See Lithuanian phonology | |
| Persian | خواهر | [xa:hær] | 'sister' | See Persian phonology | |
| Polish3 | chleb | [xlɛp] | 'bread' | Also (in great majority of dialects) represented by <h>. See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | Brazilian | rabo | [ˈxabʊ] | 'tail' | See Portuguese phonology |
| Russian4 | хвост | [xvost] | 'tail' | See Russian phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic | loch | [lɔx] | 'lake' | ||
| Serbian | храст/hrast | [xrast] | 'oak' | ||
| Somali | khad | [xad] | 'ink' | See Somali phonology | |
| Spanish5 | ojo | [ˈo̞xo̞] | 'eye' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Xhosa | rhoxisa | [xɔkǁiːsa] | 'to cancel' | ||
| Vietnamese | khê | [xe] | 'to be burnt' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Welsh | carchar | [kaɾxaɾ] | 'jail' | See Welsh phonology | |
| Yaghan | xan | [xan] | 'here' | ||
See also
References
- ^ Verhoeven (2005:243)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ Jassem (2003:103)
- ^ Padgett (2003:42)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:255)
Bibliography
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103-107
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Ana Ma. Fernández-Planas & Josefina Carrera-Sabaté (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255-259
- Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 21 (1): 39-87
- Shosted, Ryan K. & Chikovani Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255-264
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 243-247
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Wikipedia content modification information:
- This page was last modified on 28 November 2008, at 09:18.
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