Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words

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This page documents an English Wikipedia guideline. It is a generally accepted standard that editors should follow, though it should be treated with common sense and the occasional exception. When editing this page, please ensure that your revision reflects consensus. When in doubt, discuss your idea on the talk page.
Shortcuts:
WP:AWW
WP:WEASEL
This page in a nutshell: Avoid using phrases such as "some people say" without providing sources.
who?


Weasel words are words or phrases that seemingly support statements without attributing opinions to verifiable sources. The "who?" link is used because a Wikipedia editor feels that the preceding statement uses weasel words. Weasel words give the force of authority to a statement without letting the reader decide if the source of the opinion is reliable. If a statement can't stand on its own without weasel words, it lacks neutral point of view; either a source for the statement should be found, or the statement should be removed. If a statement can stand without weasel words, they may be undermining its neutrality and the statement may be better off standing without them.

For example, "Houston is the nicest city in the world," is a biased or normative statement. Application of a weasel word can give the illusion of neutral point of view: "Some people say Houston is the nicest city in the world."

Although this is an improvement, since it no longer states the opinion as fact, it remains uninformative:

  • Who says that? You?
  • When did they say it? Now?
  • How many people think that?
  • How many is some?
  • How many is most?
  • What kind of people think that? Where are they?
  • What kind of bias might they have?
  • Why is this of any significance?

Weasel words don't really give a neutral point of view; they just spread hearsay, or couch personal opinion in vague, indirect syntax. It is better to put a name and a face on an opinion than to assign an opinion to an anonymous source.

Contents

Examples

  • "Some people say..."
  • "Some argue..."
  • "Contrary to many..."
  • "As opposed to most..."
  • "Research has shown..."
  • "...is widely regarded as..."
  • "...is widely considered to be..."
  • "...is claimed to be..."
  • "...is thought to be..."
  • "It is believed that..."
  • "It has been said/suggested/noticed/decided/stated..."
  • "Some people believe..."
  • "Some feel that..."
  • "They say that..."
  • "Many people say..."
  • "It may be that..."
  • "Could it be that..."
  • "It could be argued that..."
  • "Critics/experts say that..."
  • "Some historians argue..."
  • "Considered by many..."
  • "Critics contend..."
  • "Observers say..."
  • "Fans say..."
  • "Accusations..."
  • "Apparently..."
  • "John Doe says..."
  • "Supposedly..."
  • "Allegedly..."
  • "Arguably..."
  • "Actually..."
  • "(x) out of (y) [vague group of professionals]...."
  • "Obviously..."
  • "Serious scholars/scientists/researchers..."
  • "Mainstream scholars/scientists/researchers..."
  • "The (mainstream) scientific community"
  • "It is claimed..."
  • "It should be noted that..."
  • "Correctly (justly, properly, ...) or not, ..."
  • Anthropomorphisms like "Science says ..." or "Medicine believes ..."
  • "...is only one side of the story"
  • "Experts suggest..."
  • "Modern studies have claimed..."
  • "It is generally considered that..."
  • "It is notable"
  • " In some peoples' thoughts/opinions/minds..."

Other problems

The main problem with weasel words is that they interfere with Wikipedia's neutral point of view. But there are other problems as well.

  • Wordiness. Weasel words are sentence stuffing; they make sentences longer without carrying any information.
  • Passive voice. Many weasel words require a sentence to be in the passive voice, e.g. "It has been said that ...". Though the passive voice is syntactically correct, Strunk and White recommend against its overuse in their Elements of Style, calling it "less direct, less bold, and less concise" than the active voice, though the AP and Chicago styles guides contradict Strunk & White on this point. But the problem is not the grammatical legitimacy of the passive voice as much as the fact that it is designed to permit the omission of exactly who or what is behind the words or actions in question. In sentences of the form "it has been said he has had a shady past", the writer uses the passive voice to construct a convincing-sounding appeal to authority without naming the authority in question. Another example of passive voice is "[Noun] is thought to be [noun/adjective]."
  • Convoluted syntax. Weasel words require some convoluted syntax to get a point across. "A square has four sides" is a simple sentence; "Squares are widely regarded as having an even number of sides, a number that has been conjectured by experts in the field to be precisely four" wraps the key point in layers of syntactic obfuscation, leaving it to be harvested with difficulty by the reader.
  • Use of "clearly" or "obviously". If it does not need saying, do not say it. If it does, do not apologise for it by using words like "clearly".
  • Some/many/most/all/few. Sentences like Some people think... lead to arguments about how many people actually think that. Is it some people or most people? How many is many people? As a rule, ad populum arguments should be avoided as a general means of providing support for a position.
  • Repetition. Overuse of weasel words leads to very monotonous-sounding articles due to the constraints they impose on sentence structure. For example: "Some argue... [..] Others respond... [..] Still others point out that [..]" This is bad writing.

Improving weasel-worded statements

The {{weasel}} tag can be added to the top of an article or section to draw attention to the presence of weasel words. For less drastic cases, the {{weasel word}} tag (weasel words), the {{weasel-inline}} tag (weasel words), the {{Who?}} tag (who?) or the {{Which?}} tag (which?) (all of which include an internal wikilink to this page) can be added directly to the phrase in question; same as the {{fact}} tag (citation needed).

The key to improving weasel words in articles is either a) to name a source for the opinion (attribution) or b) to change opinionated language to concrete facts (substantiate it).1

Peacock terms are especially hard to deal with without using weasel words. Again, consider the sentence "The Yankees are the greatest baseball team in history." It is tempting to rephrase this in a weaselly way, for example, "Some people think that the Yankees are the greatest baseball team in history." But how can this opinion be qualified with an opinion holder? There are millions of Yankees fans and hundreds of baseball experts who would pick the Yankees as the best team in history. Instead, it would be better to eliminate the middleman of mentioning this opinion entirely, in favour of the facts that support the assertion:

  • "The New York Yankees have won 26 World Series championships—about three times as many as any other team."2

This fact suggests that the Yankees are a superlative baseball franchise, rather than simply the greatest baseball team in history. The idea is to let the readers draw their own conclusions about the Yankees' greatness based on the number of World Series the Yankees have won. Objectivity over subjectivity. Dispassion, not bias.

Exceptions

As with any rule of thumb, this guideline should be balanced against other needs for the text, especially the need for brevity and clarity. Some specific exceptions that may weasel words need calling out:

  • When the belief or opinion is actually the topic of discussion. For example, "In the Middle Ages, most people believed that the Sun revolved around the Earth."
  • When the holders of the opinion are too diverse or numerous to qualify. For example, "Some people prefer dogs as pets; others prefer cats."
  • When contrasting a minority opinion. "Although Brahms's work is part of the classical music canon, Benjamin Britten has questioned its value." Brahms's importance is almost, but not quite, an undisputed fact; it's not necessary to source the majority opinion when describing the minority one.

See also

References

  1. ^ See Attributing and substantiating biased statements in the Neutral point of view policy.
  2. ^ "World Series History". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved on 2007-06-04.

External links

Wikipedia content modification information:

  • This page was last modified on 1 December 2008, at 03:13.

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